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This is a quiz on community radio (CR), eighth in a series of quizzes
on information and communication technology for development (i4d).

The EARLIER quizzes were on the following themes:

1.i4d Quiz-1:ICT and Women,
2.i4d Quiz–2:eGovernance:States,
3.i4d Quiz–3:ICT and Health,
4.i4d Quiz–4:Wireless Communication,
5.i4d Quiz–5:ICT For the Poor,
6.i4d Quiz–6:ICT and Local Language Content,
7.i4d Quiz–7:ICT and Agriculture.

[See the Archives of this Forum for details].

NEXT QUIZ in this series:

9.i4d Quiz-9: Telecentres: A Quiz (Watch this space).
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i4d Quiz-8: COMMUNITY RADIO: A QUIZ

by Dr D.C.MISRA*
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Community radio has been viewed as a tool for social change. Called
Tier 3 radio, Tier 1 being the public (government) and Tier 2 the
private (commercial) radio. CR is in nascent stage in India with a
great deal of potential. A number of initiatives, typically in pilot
mode, have been taken in India, which makes it a very valuable
resource in health, education and development. Let us check.
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i4d Quiz-8: COMMUNITY RADIO: A QUIZ
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[1].What is OneWorld Radio?

[2].If this was the first community radio station in South Asia
launched in May 1997, what is Radio Sagarmatha?

[3].Which country launched South Asia's first community radio station
and when?

[4].If this is claimed to be India's first independent community
radio initiative,what is Namma Dhwani?

[5].For how long Kothmale Radio has been an integral part of the
Kothmale community in Sri Lanka?

[6].If this claims itself to be the first independent broadcaster on
Internet from India,name it.

[7].If this claims to be the first independent 24-hour Asian radio
station in the world, name it.

[8].If it is an international non-governmental organisation (NGO)
serving the community radio movement,what is AMRAC?

[9].If it is a search engine for radio stations,what is radio
locator?

[10].An innovative community-based radio programme-Panchayat Vani
(People's Voice)-was broadcast in early 2003 on All India Radio
(AIR)involving pilot projects in nine states.Who produced the
programme?

[11].This chief minister has asked the central government to modify
the guidelines for community radio service to enable radio browsing.
Name her.[Comment:India has four women chief ministers at present:
Rabri Devi (Bihar), Sheila Dikshit (Delhi), Vasundhara Raje
(Rajasthan)and J.Jayalalitha (Tamil Nadu)].

[12].When and where was India's first campus community radio
launched?

[13].(a)When did the government in India auction private radio
license in the first phase of frequency modulation (FM) radio
privatisation,and (b) Out of 40 cities and 108 frequencies, in how
many cities did the private FM service start?

[14].How many institutions have applied for community radio(CR)
licenses in India?

[15].When did the Government of India constitute the Radio Broadcast
Policy Committee (RBPC) and when did it submit its report?

[16].If this RAM is not random access memory but radio audience
measurement, then according to a RAM (a)Which is the largest
category of people that listens to radio in India, and(b)Which
category of people listens to radio most?

[17].Which are the seven categories of radio stations in Canada?

[18].What is the number of frequency modulation (FM) radio stations
in (i)Los Angeles,(ii)New York,(iii)London,(iv)Auckland,(v)Jakarta,
and (vi)Colombo?

[19].What is the number of frequency modulation (FM) radio stations
in (i)Chennai,(ii)Delhi,(iii)Calcutta,(iv)Mumbai,(v)Bangalore,and (vi)
Hyderabad?

[20].(a) If this AIR is not All India Radio, what is it, (b) If this
is public radio exchange, what is PRX,(c)If this forum is concerned
with soundscape, what is WFAE,(d)If it was born as a reaction
against increasing commercialisation of public radio and lack of
support for volunteer-based stations,what is the Grassroots Radio
Coalition (GRC),and (e)If it is a collective of radio activists
concerned with micro radio (low power frequency modulation–LPFM),
what is Prometheus Radio?
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ANSWERS TO i4d Quiz-8:COMMUNITY RADIO:A QUIZ
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[1].OneWorld Radio is a part of OneWorld.net,an international network
of over 1200 partner organisations using the Internet to promote
human rights and sustainable development worldwide.It offers services
and networking for broadcasters and civil society organisations
(CSOs). For details visit the Web site
http://radio.oneworld.net/section/about/faq,

[2].Literally the Forehead of Sea,as Mount Everest is called in Nepal,
Radio Sagarmatha(RS)is the first independent public/community radio
in South Asia, having one fifth of the world's
population,launched by NEFEJ,the Nepal Forum of Environmental
Journalists in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal,a basin of some 25 by 30
kilometres with a population of about 1.5 million.It has been
broadcasting a daily programme since May 1997 on FM 102.4.For
details, visit the Web site
http://www.radiosagarmatha.org/rs_pro.htm.

[3].Nepal in 1995.It now has today has at least five independent
stations across the country that address people's complaints and act
as hubs of information in times of strife.(Source: Rama, Lakshmi
(2003):Community Radio Gives India's Villagers a Voice Officials
Worry Local Stations May Foment Unrest, The Washington Post,
September 17, Wedenesday, p-A17).

[4].Namma Dhwani, meaning Our Voices in Kannada, is India's first
independent community radio initiative-a cable radio service as use
of airwaves is banned in India-in village Budikote (Population:
3,020),100 kilometres from Bangalore, and panchayat headquarters for
nearby 8 villages in Bangarpet taluk of Kolar district in Karnataka.
Launched in March 2003 with the help from NGOs VOICES, Bangalore and
MYRDA, Bangalore supported by UNESCO, it is currently serving a
cluster of 35 adjoining villages.(Source: Rama, Lakshmi (2003):
Community Radio Gives India's Villagers a Voice Officials Worry Local
Stations May Foment Unrest,The Washington Post, September 17,
Wedenesday,p-A17.For details visit the Web site
http://ictpr.nic.in/nammadhwani/news1.htm).

[5].14 years.A license was also issued in December 2002 to Voice of
Tigers, a radio station run by the Tamil Tiger rebels.(Source: Rama,
Lakshmi (2003): Community Radio Gives India's Villagers a Voice
Officials Worry Local Stations May Foment Unrest, The Washington
Post, September 17,Wedenesday,p-A17).

[6].India World Radio.It was launched in 1998 by Media Arc (Contact
Person: Raman Nanda).The Internet radio station, which broadcast for
about two years, now offers audio on demand, and can be heard at
http://www.indiaworldradio.com.For details, visit the Web site
http://www.media-arc.net.

[7].Sunrise Radio. It was launched on Monday, November 5, 1989,to
service West London's Asian community. It was also the United
Kingdom's first 24-hour Asian radio station. For details, visit
the Web site http://www.sunriseradio.com/about.htm.

[8].AMARC (Asociación Mundial de Radios Comunitarias),which is
French acronym for World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters,
is an international non-governmental organisation (NGO) serving the
community radio movement, with almost 3 000 members and associates in
106 countries. Founded in 1983, with its international secretariat in
Montreal, Quebec, Canada, its goal is to support and contribute to
the development of community and participatory radio along the
principles of solidarity and international cooperation. For details,
visit the Web site http://www.amarc.org/amarc/ang/.

[9].Formerly the MIT list of radio stations on the Internet, it has
links to over 10,000 radio station Web pages and over 2,500 audio
streams from radio stations in the U.S. and around the world. For
details, visit the Web site http://www.radio-locator.com/.

[10].CENCORED in collaboration with the Delhi-based Participatory
Research In Asia (PRIA),Delhi.The pilot radio programmes have been
initiated in the nine Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa
and Uttar Pradesh. The project, part of PRIA's programme for
strengthening panchayati raj institutions, is supported by Ford
Foundation. (Source: Das, Sandip (2003): Radio days in Indian
villages, December, http://www.infochangeindia.org/features145.jsp).

[11].J.Jayalalitha, chief minister of Tamil Nadu (Source: The
Economic Times, February 2, 2004, Monday,
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/469322.cms).

[12].On Sunday, February 1, 2004 at Anna University, Chennai (Anna FM-
90.4 MHz).(Source:
http://www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/pr010204/pr010204.htm)

[13].(a) 2000, and (b) 14. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
(TRAI) (http://www.trai.gov.in/) has noted that the programme has not
resulted in the desired FM radio proliferation. For the second phase
of FM radio privatisation, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
(TRAI) invited suggestions by May 7, 2004 on a consultation paper
issued on April 14, 2004. (Source: http://www.trai.gov.in/April142004%
20Final%20Consultation%20Paper%20FM.pdf. See also The Indian Express,
New Delhi, April 15, 2004, Thursday, p-15).

[14].39. A big impediment, according to the report, is the cumbersome
process, which requires clearance from over 30 government agencies.
The largest number of application for licences for community radio
service (six), has been received from the states of Tamil Nadu and
Uttar Pradesh. The least number of applications (one), has been
received from Gujarat, Punjab, Orissa and Nagaland. (Source:
Dateline: New Delhi, December 22, 2003,
http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/dec/dec207.htm. Report
based on reply to a Rajya Sabha (upper house in Indian parliament)
question). See also Gupta, Alokesh (2003):
http://mail.sarai.net/pipermail/cr-india/2003-December/002637.html,
December 27.

[15].On July 24, 2003 under the chairmanship of Dr Amit Mitra,
Secretary General, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and
Industry (FICCI), New Delhi (http://www.ficci.com) and the committee
submitted its report in November 2003. The committee found the
broadcast industry to be unviable under phase-I licensing scheme and
recommended, among, other things, a one-time entry fee with an annual
revenue sharing arrangement. For details, visit the Web site
http://www.trai.gov.in/April142004%20Final%20Consultation%20Paper%
20FM.pdf.

[16].Housewives and retired consumers (49 percent), almost twice the
number of teenagers, that tune into radio in Mumbai according to the
findings in ACNielsen ORG-MARG's Radio Review, an annual
compilation of radio audience measurement findings. Clerks/salesmen
comprise the third largest category of radio listeners,and(b)Shop
owners and self-employed professionals(220 minutes per day),followed
by Businessmen/industrialists/supervisors(160 minutes per day).
(Average time spent listening to radio–120 minutes per
day).(Source:Sawant, Abhay (2003): Out of tune? Business Standard,
October 14,http://www.bsstrategist.com/strategist/story.asp?
Menu=89&story=24962).

[17].(i)Public,(ii)Commercial,(iii)Native,(iv)Community,(v)Campus,(vi)
Digital,and(vii)Ethnic (Source:http://www.trai.gov.in/April142004%
20Final%20Consultation%20Paper%20FM.pdf,p-17).

[18].(i)86,(ii)82,(iii)42,(iv)29,(v)29,and (vi)18.(Source: Economic
Times Entertainment Report as cited in
http://www.trai.gov.in/April142004%20Final%20Consultation%20Paper%
20FM.pdf,p-47).

[19].(i)11,(ii)11,(iii)10,(iv)10,(v)5,and (vi)3.(Figures in
parentheses refer to licenses issued and not to radio stations
(channels)in operation. FM [Very High Frequency (VHF)–87-108 MHz]
broadcasts cover about 30 percent of the population and 21 percent of
geographic area as against medium wave (MW) broadcasts, which cover
98.02 percent of population and 88.92 per cent of geographical area.
(Source: http://www.trai.gov.in/April142004%20Final%20Consultation%
20Paper%20FM.pdf, p-6 and Annexure I,p-62).

[20].(a)The Association of Independents in Radio,founded in 1988 in
New York City.Currently it has 500 members.It caters to professional
improvement of the public radio in the United States.For details,
visit the Web site http://www.airmedia.org/(b)An online not-for-
profit service for peer-review, acquisition, and distribution of
public radio content based in Cambridge, MA.For details, visit the
Web site http://about.prx.org/,(c)World Forum for Acoustic Ecology
(WFAE),founded in August 1993,"is an international association of
affiliated organisations and individuals,who share a common concern
with the state of the world soundscape as an ecologically balanced
entity".For details, visit the Web site
http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/WFAE/home/index.html,(d)Born in
1996,it is a loose coalition of community media activists. The GRC
has "a listserv and holds a conference every year,but has so far
not incorporated.There are no dues, no hierarchy and no bylaws, only
a mission statement",so states its Web site.For details, visit its
Web site http://www.kgnu.org/grassroots/,and(e)It is a micro radio
resource centre offering legal,technical,and organisational support
for the non-commercial community broadcasters.It is "not a
membership organisation,or a federation, or a coalition or
anything"-It is "just a group of people who have started a small non-profit
organization committed to creating the best opportunities possible
for the public in the LPFM ruling."For details, visit the Web site
http://www.prometheusradio.org/about.shtml.
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•Independent eGovernance and IT consultant, New Delhi, India.
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Disclaimer: This quiz is based on original research in public
interest. While reasonable care has been taken to compile the
quiz,the author is not responsible for accuracy,inclusion or
exclusion of information. Readers are advised to consult
authoritative sources before acting on any information contained
here. Comments on the quiz are, however, welcome at
dc_misra@....
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© D.C.Misra 2004.Reproduction of this quiz in any manner
whatsoever is prohibited.Reproduction is,however,encouraged for non-
commercial educational purposes provided the author's copyright is
acknowledged and the credit due to the author is also given.