Two splendid investigative articles. Btw,
Establishment 22 in question is still a potent force
in Himachal Pradesh.

"Tibetan faujis in Bluestar" has been removed by
Rediff(I Wonder why. Anyhow, I am making available the
whole article for those who want to read it.

"Phantoms of Chittagong" is avaialable on
http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08spec.htm
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The Rediff Special/Claude Arpi
June 24, 2004

The Rediff Special
Tibetan faujis in Bluestar

Twenty years ago, India went through one of the most
traumatic experiences of her modern history. Indira
Gandhi, the then prime minister, had to order the
Indian army to assault the Akal Takht occupied by
armed Sikh militants in the Golden Temple complex at
Amritsar. Several aspects of Operation Bluestar, as
well as the sequence of events that brought the
country and, more particularly, the state of Punjab to
this sad end have been described in detail by eminent
writers.

However, one aspect has never been mentioned. It
remains one of the most secret features of this
painful event: the participation of Tibetan commandos
known as the 'Special Frontier Forces' in the military
operations at the Golden Temple complex.

Before going into the background of this intervention,
it is necessary to point out the preposterousness of
the situation. Armed militants had not only taken over
the most sacred shrine of the Sikhs, but had also
fortified many places near the main temple to such an
extent that a siege could be sustained for several
weeks. In the West, Operation Bluestar has often been
misunderstood and depicted as an attack on the Sikh
faith. This is wrong. A few months after the
operation, while visiting Paris, I stood in front of
the majestic Notre Dame Cathedral and visualised the
weird situation. What would the French government have
done if militants had barricaded the doors and windows
of this masterpiece of architecture, most sacred for
tens of millions of French Christians?

France (or England if a similar episode had occurred
in Westminster) would undoubtedly have taken the same
decision as Indira Gandhi to recover the holy shrine
by force. For such a purpose the best troops are its
disposal would have been used. In reading the story
that follows, this basic tenet should be kept in mind.

The question is: Why were Tibetans troops used during
Operation Bluestar? Though it raises many other
questions, the answer is simple: because the SFF were
the best commandos available at that time, at least in
Indira Gandhi's mind.

The story of these men started many years earlier. In
1950, Tibet was invaded by the Chinese People
Liberation Army. During the following years, Beijing
began what they called the process of 'liberation' of
the Roof of the World. The eastern part of the Tibetan
plateau, particularly the province of Kham that
adjoins China, suffered most from the forced
'liberation.' But the local Khampas had the reputation
of being the best and the most fearless soldiers in
Asia since centuries. Alexandra David-Neel, the famous
French explorer wrote in detail (and often with
admiration)
about the gentleman-brigands of Kham.

In the mid-50s, the Khampas organised themselves to
fight the Chinese occupiers. Under the name of 'Chushi
Gangdruk' (Four Rivers, Six Ranges) or 'National
Volunteer Defence Army' the horsemen of Kham inflicted
heavy casualties on the better-equipped Liberation
Army. In March 1959, a few hundred of them secretly
accompanied the Dalai Lama to safety in India.

Once the Tibetan leader was given asylum by Delhi, the
Tibetan soldiers were in a dilemma: should they stop
their activities against the Communist troops and
follow their religious leader to exile or continue the
struggle for the liberation of their motherland?

The decision was taken for them when, in late 1959,
several hundreds of them were secretly offered a very
special training. According to John Avedon, an
American journalist who investigated the Tibetan
secret war, selected Tibetan youth were first
assembled in Darjeeling. Avedon explains that a senior
official of the Chushi Gangdruk 'instructed the men
either to leave or to sign the paper, which, as a
recruitment form for the National Volunteer Defence
Army, bound them to obey to the death any order given
by a superior.' Forty-five years later, it still
remains difficult to follow their journey as they were
all under oath to not disclose their new activities
(in fact, it is only years later that they would learn
themselves their own itinerary).

>From Darjeeling, they were smuggled through the East
Pakistan border (now Bangladesh) with the connivance
of Pakistani authorities. After a long journey in a
sealed wagon and a car ride through East Pakistan,
they were taken to an airport. Finally they boarded a
small aircraft where, for the first time, they were
addressed by white men who offered them a very strange
blackish beverage. They would soon learn the name of
this strange drink, Coca-Cola.

After a stop over in Okinawa (they believed they were
in Taiwan), their journey continued. In the plane,
they received their first briefing and were given
strange sounding names such as Doug, Bob, Willy, Jack,
Rocky, Martin or Lee. Their suspicions were confirmed:
the United States of America had finally decided to
help the Tibetan cause and provide the necessary
training to help them free their country. After
Okinawa, they landed in a second island (Hawaii) and
then a city (San Francisco).

The next day they reached Camp Hale, a place located
100 km from Denver in Colorado that was used during
World War II for high-altitude combat training. There,
they received full commando training by the Central
Intelligence Agency.

When the 1962 war with China broke out, India felt
uncomfortable about the Tibetans being trained by the
CIA. Delhi was particularly disturbed by the fact that
it was organised with Pakistan knowledge. One week
before Beijing declared a ceasefire, Delhi decided to
act. On November 13, a clandestine Tibetan commando
group was raised. The Special Frontier Forces were
code-named 'Establishment 22' simply because their
first inspector general had been the commander of 22
Mountain Regiment during World War II. Today, they
still call themselves the '22s' (two-twos).

The force was put under the direct supervision of the
Intelligence Bureau, and later, the Research and
Analysis Wing, India's external intelligence agency.
The first task of this entirely Tibetan force was to
guard the Himalayan borders and eventually cross into
Tibet to gather intelligence on the Chinese forces.
Delhi had learned the hard way that China was not a
'bhai' (brother) and there was no short
cut to reliable intelligence input on the Chinese in
Tibet.

B N Mullick, Nehru's IB chief, was the main organiser
of the new regiment and Major General S S Uban of the
Indian Army, its first commander. Though aware of its
existence, the Tibetan administration in exile
dissociated itself from the venture. Violence was not
acceptable to solve the Tibetan issue. But the
commandos, trained by the CIA at Camp Yale, were the
ideal human resource for the Indian purpose. As for
the young Tibetans, they could finally dream of
fighting 'officially' along with the Indian troops
against the Communist forces and thus endeavour to
regain one day their freedom.

During the first years the Tibetans fulfilled their
assigned mission. But one day in 1971, they received a
message (conveyed through their Indian commander) from
Indira Gandhi: "We cannot compel you to fight a war
for us, but the fact is that General [A A K] Niazi
[Pakistani army commander in East Pakistan] is
treating the people of East Pakistan very badly. India
has to do something about it. In a way, it is similar
to the way the Chinese are treating the Tibetans in
Tibet, we are facing a similar situation. It would be
appreciated if you could help us fight the war for
liberating the people of Bangladesh.'

For the first time, the Tibetans agreed to get
involved in a war that was not theirs: perhaps they
saw this as the ideal preparation for their ultimate
goal.

I have written earlier about the SSF involvement in
the Bangladesh operations, The Phantoms of Chittagong.
After their outstanding participation in the
liberation of Bangladesh, Indira Gandhi became
enamoured with the SFF. It was soon nicknamed as
Indira Fauj.

But their role and actions have continued to be
shrouded in mystery. Whether they served on the
Siachen glacier or in counter-terrorism operations,
the Tibetan troops never spoke. It is rumoured that in
1977, an AN12 aircraft was on constant alert at a SFF
paratrooper base with instructions to fly the prime
minister to Mauritius if her life was threatened.
Whether it is true or not, very few can say!

By the early 1980s, the SFF's Special Group had become
the primary counter-terrorist force in India. It was
therefore logical that Indira Gandhi was tempted to
use the '22s' for flushing the militants out of the
Golden Temple complex. Unfortunately, the military
intelligence had very little clue to the extent of the
fortifications in and around the Akal Takht. Once
Operation Bluestar was decided, the SFF were flown
from their base in Uttar Pradesh and assigned the
impossible task to isolate Akal Takht and secure its
western flank by 1 am on June 6 while the 1
Para-Commandos were to manage a foothold in the Akal
Takht itself.

The Bharat Rakshak web site recounts that the SFF and
1 Para-Commandos were immediately bogged down by the
heavy fire from the Akal Takht: the Tibetans 'started
with 50 men, had already 17 casualties (three dead).
With midnight approaching, casualties mounting and the
objectives far from being achieved, the situation was
desperate.'

What was in these young Tibetans' minds at that
precise moment? Were they still dreaming of a free
Tibet or visualising the holy Tsuglakhang Temple in
Lhasa vandalised by a so-called Liberation Army?

At 2 am, as the situation had not improved, the army
had no other alternative but to call for the tanks. It
was done after the clearance was obtained from Delhi.
The rest is history.

During the following days, the '22s' continued to
participate in the mopping up operations and it is
said that one SFF officer, serving as President Zail
Singh's bodyguard when he visited the complex, was
wounded in the arm by a sniper. The militant was
immediately killed by other commandos.

When Indira Gandhi was gunned down by her own
bodyguards, Rajiv Gandhi remembered his mother's army
and for a couple of months, the SFF provided security
to the new prime minister. A year later, the National
Security Guard was created by an act of Parliament,
and which replaced the Tibetan commandos. But the
training and uniform of the NSG were modelled on the
SFF.

Such a strange destiny: 'Establishment 22', created to
defend the Indian border (and for the Tibetans to
liberate their country) was ultimately engaged in some
of the most traumatic assignments in the history
modern India. Not only did this have nothing to do
with Tibet but these men were unable to fulfil their
own ultimate life mission: Tibet's freedom.

As consolation, they perhaps believed that they were
repaying their debt to India who had given refuge to
their leader. This way, they have probably created a
good karma for themselves and for the future of their
country! Who knows!
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January 08, 2003
Phantoms of Chittagong

........

Under the cover of the Mukti Bahini, Tibetans
infiltrated East Pakistan (soon to be Bangladesh) a
few weeks before the beginning of the war. They
conducted raids to destroy bridges and communication
lines deep inside Pakistan's eastern province. The
operation was so secret that most generals of the
Indian Army's Eastern Command in Calcutta did not know
about the activities of 3,000 Tibetans jawans
commanded by a Tibetan Dapon (the equivalent of a
brigadier of the Indian Army) who helped the Indian
Army advance.......

http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08spec.htm