Very useful suggestions for the revolution in the field of SiFi in India

Zeashan Zaidi

The novel Taboot came to the end.

http://hindisciencefiction.blogspot.com/

Zeashan Zaidi

Wow! the suggestions match mine. I have been  advocating seperate
science channel. Drawal of panel to conduct workshops. As web site i
am in the process of a science site with SF in it.I am also trying SF
films already.

   I am with you all in these. Count me in.

   K.Mohan(Mohan Sanjeevan)

Wow! Many of the suggestions match . thanks Tiwariji for that.I have
been advocating for SF wrokshops. Drawing a panel for that will help.
  I have been insisting upon a science channel and i am in the process
of a science site which will include SF. I am also trying to get into
SF film.

   I am with you all in this. Count me in. Looking forward to fruition
of these ideas . We as writers should write more.

   K.Mohan(Mohan Sanjeevan)

1. The scope of SF is expanding, like the universe. It might have been dominated by adventure stories in the beginning, now it is exploring not only all the fields of science and technology it is also creatively predicting future possibilities in S&T, good or bad. At the same time in style it is experimenting with scientific interpretation of myths, cyber punk, space opera, science satire etc. SF has proved popular in films in the West. Apart from all the subjects that SF films have explored, serious philosophical subjects are being taken up in films like Matrix, and 'What the Bleep Do You Mean'.

SF's scope is same as that of literature i.e. `Life'; it is only the dominant role of S&T in its works that makes it different from standard literature. Prof Amit Goswami has added a new component to its role as, 'the critique, extension, revision, and conspiracy of revolution, all directed against static scientific paradigms.' Here Amit Goswami is bringing out a surprising fact that the tendency of human beings which is to get attached to `ideologies' is present even among scientists and SF writers. In addition to creation of better understanding of modern world, and possibilities of future world, SF may also through the story, indirectly communicate science to its readers and may ignite interest in science, help to develop scientific temper in people, and help people improve the society with better use of science. SF looks sympathetically, intuitively, critically and intelligently at life. Thus SF may do all this, but SF is more than the sum of its parts, because it is literature which sees what even Sun cannot see, as a proverb in Hindi claims.

Having decided on the scope of SF, many definitions were discussed. Famous SF writer (the member of the trio of SF, I. Asimov, and Arthur C Clarke) Robert A.Heinlein has given a definition of SF : "Realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method.." SF is more than speculation. SF has an aim, nobler than entertainment, to restore humanism in humans. SF uses speculation. SF does many things as described, but SF is more than the sum of its parts, because like literature it sees what even Sun cannot see, as a proverb in Hindi claims. SF looks realistically, imaginatively, critically, sympathetically and intelligently at life. This definition is not broad enough for our grand SF.

Another SF author, Theodore Sturgeon gave one definition, "A good science fiction story is a story about human beings, with a human problem, and a human solution, that would not have happened at all without its science content." A good practical sort of definition, though this seems to be somewhat vague about the role of science in SF.

Amit Goswami, a famous Theoretical Quantum Physicist, gave this definition, "Science Fiction is that class of fiction which contains the currents of change in science and society. It concerns itself with the critique, extension, revision, and conspiracy of revolution, all directed against static scientific paradigms. Its goal is to prompt a paradigm shift to a new view that will be more responsive and true to nature. This is a definition, which may be better applied to hard core SF.

It is important to know the relationship of fantasy with SF. Somebody suggested that SF is a beautiful balance between fantasy and facts. This sounds attractive but, as will be seen soon, it is not tenable. It was also suggested that fantasy cannot be ruled out from SF because any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic ( or fantasy). This being true, it does not mean that all fantasy would become sufficiently advanced technology. It means that some fantansies may becom part of SF, but most of them cannot. It is worthwhile to note Mr.Rod Serling's thought on SF which is, "Fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science Fiction is the improbable made possible." It does distinguish between SF and fantasy, an important distinction. Thus it rules out any definition of SF which is based on SF. Fantasy has its uses, but is different from SF, although the line dividing them may be thin. Speculative Fiction is obviously not SF for it does not obey the main principles of SF as explained.

Majority of the group then gave their definition of SF, " SF deals with the impact of actual or imagined science upon society or individuals; it often involves speculation based on current or future science including technology.' Strictly speaking it is not a definition because it does not tell what SF is but what it deals with and what it involves with. Further in this definition neither impact of men on science, nor impact of men on men in a world made complex by S&T is included. After all the considerations made so far, another definition is proposed, "SF is a means of understanding and exploring the world through an interesting story in which S&T have a strong role, and, possibly, raise the awareness to change the world for a better place."

2. Futurism in SF

Many delegates insisted that SF must be futuristic. In SF interaction with S&T and human beings is explored and dramatized. If one wants to show the impact of a scientific idea or technology which is not clear in the 'present' then one must go into the future to see its consequences. This may be a valid method of doing so, but it does not mean that 'Futurism' is essential for SF. Also to say that 'Futurism' in SF is not essential is neither to deny this method nor to deny that a futuristic SF appears to be more appealing and more useful. It is to say that exploration in SF is possible in present time as well. A case in point is the famous suggestion by Arthur C Clarke of a 'Geosynchronous Point' for communication satellites; it involved no reference to future. All the knowledge required to produce that wonderful idea was available to everybody, but the brilliant thought occurred to Clarke. Synchronic and futuristic are both useful in SF. Unlike in the normal literature anachronism has a place in SF, but with caution. Anachronism is mixing up of time periods in a narrative, like in 3000 AD, one cannot show the use of a present day mobile phone, unless someone might have discovered the mobile phone of today lying somewhere and then by suitably modifying it he can use it, to produce a dramatic effect. Further, as a word of caution, time travel is a fantasy, it is against all the known principles of science.

By using S&T, human tragedy - comedies, dystopia, utopia and realism etc., SF is in a better postion to explore the interactions of S&T and society, thereby making a people aware of strengths and weaknesses of S&T whilst at the same time narrating a wonderful SF story.

3. Education of SF.

Every member agreed on the need of education in SF. Literature is being taught from primary standards to post graduate levels. Govt. has to be approached for its inclusion in curriculum of students of all stages, just as standard literature is. Indeed SF should be treated as integral part of literature, and taught like it. This issue is more to do with literary institutions like Sahitya Academies etc. Therefore they need to be approached to accept SF as integral part of literature. Teaching of SF should not mean teaching of science. Opposition to this effort is coming mainly for three reasons. First is resistance to change and second is clash of interests. Curriculum- time being limited, some aspects and works etc of literature would have to be replaced by some SF works. Third reason is lack of high class SF literature in Indian languages. Despite this resistance, efforts have to be made. As the introduction of education of SF is a difficult project, the task should be taken up by a special cell.

4. Role of Ethics : Whilst agreeing that the creative writers or poets cannot be dictated by any written code of conduct which may impinge on their creative freedom, necessity of responsibility and discipline for any creative work must also be realized. 'Humane Values' must be preserved in the SF works that are created. The SF work must not be didactic, as in any good literature, but the suitable message ought to be there submerged in the created work. Ethics need not be confused with religion, although ethics is generally derived from religious scriptures. It is humane behaviour that is recommended by ethics that is desirable in SF. Humane values such as love, truth, forgiveness, control on self, non stealth, non Ц inflicting pain or misery on innocents, tolerance of different view points, kindness, cleanliness, fortitude in adversity, wisdom etc. are to be encouraged.

Without Humane Values, SF or any fiction may be pure entertainment, but it would neither be responsible literature nor contributing to progress of a society without various types of conflicts e.g. conflicts with other man, with nature, with oneself.

5. Promotion of SF and its Popularization.

To be in forefront in S&T is vitally important for a nation today if it desires to remain free from technological and economical domination by advanced countries. Promotion of growth of SF means growth of S&T. Poor science Ц literacy no doubt discourages people to read SF. Addiction to pop soaps on TV on the one hand, and no SF education and lack of interest in science among the public and lack of availability of good SF in Indian languages on the other hand are obstacles in growth of SF and popularity of SF in India. Although it must be admitted that availability of good SF and popularity of SF may be in a catch 22 syndrome.

Spread of SF literature would help our society in rationally accepting the influence of S&T, which otherwise has a tendency to dehumanize the thinking of the people. By using dystopia, utopia and realism, SF is in a better position to analyse interactions of S&T and society, thereby making people aware of strengths and weaknesses of S&T. However the problem of popularization presents a disappointing scenario. Visual and print media, the most powerful arms of mass contact, just do not show interest in giving coverage to S&T, they having sold themselves to lucre. Internet is a good medium for spread of S&T and SF, within its limited reach today. Apart from a change in media's attitude, SF has to improve itself so that media accepts to publish their work.

SF is in a pioneering state, and obstacles in its path are many, SF writers who love this genre have to work enthusiastically and selflessly for promotion and growth of SF; other agencies also need to be urged to be positively responsive in this field. Having studied the problem of promotion of growth and popularization of SF, it is essential that a separate cell for this task be set up. As Govt and academia both are involved, a PG&PSF Cell ( Promotion of Growth and Popularization of SF Cell) may be set up. First with the Govt. e.g. preferably with NCSTC and its branches at some suitable universities. Volunteer organizations need to work so that multi agencies work in this field and may help each other and balance each other's shortcomings.

Here are important suggestions:

PG&PSF Cell should

1. generally work to achieve growth and popularization of SF,

2. Urge Govt. and private educational institutions to improve the standard of science teaching and science laboratories in schools. While teaching science aim also must be to impart capability of scientific thinking. Students must understand the concepts and not learn them by rote.

3. Work towards introduction of SF as part of literature in Education system, and acceptance by Sahitya Academies of SF as part of literature. All activities that are performed for literature should be applicable to SF as well.

4. Assist NCSTC in meeting their SF objectives, including organization of National and International Conferences on SF.

5. Award Fellowships for research on Inidan SF.

6. Offer Honours and Awards for quality SF. Other SF institutions may be urged to do the same.

7. Should approach jointly with SF clubs etc. Govt and Prasar Bharati to start a 'Science Channel' each on Radio and TV. Which of course would include SF.? They should help in promoting broadcasts and telecasts of SF activities and works.

8. Conduct workshops on SF for new SF writers and students.

9. , in Universities, work with University administration to incorporate SF as a part educational curriculum and preparation of syllabi.

10. Promote translation of SF works preferably among Indian languages, and also into and from English.

11. Organize competitions in SF writing.

12. Urge Government and public libraries to buy SF books.

General considerations:

Clubs - 'SF Buff' - could be established by SF lovers where SF reading and discussion could take place, like poetry clubs do.

Some film makers could be approached by SF clubs to produce SF films.

SF lovers should open 'Science' or 'SF Blogs' and/or 'Web sites'.

Scientists should be portrayed in SF works as humane and inventive persons who are busy solving problems faced by society, so that they can become a role model for people.

If India has to be self respecting and an advanced country then Science ought to be taught in Indian languages, and SF must be written in Indian languages. Cross translation of SF works among regional languages must be encouraged.

Growth of SF in India is sine qua non for progress in S&T and also for a rational society not falling prey to its dehumanizing effect. Although SF deals with Science, so to say, it was an emotive subject, for it is a literature genre as well. About 75 to 100 delegates took active part in the deliberations, sometimes heated, but always giving more light than smoke. It is hoped that 'Document Banaras' will carry the gems of knowledge condensed in these discussions to various agencies who can help in promotion of growth and popularization of SF and to various SF lovers, especially the creators of SF.

Dear Ms Reema jee,

As indicated in my earlier reply, I was away to distant NE for a week
long sojourn. Having returned back, I have seen your remarks. In this
regard, I just want to express a big thanks to you. Never mind Maa'm,
the world is so big and my heart is not small either ! I don't think
that you have offended deliberately. In the course of writings, some
times the pen slips like our tongues. But then, this a human nature.
I've not taken anything seriously and I sincerely hope, you also
should not. We continue to remain good cyber friends of our wonderful
Forum so beautifully orchestrated by our friend Dr. Arvind.

'Bade bade desh mein chhoti chhoti chijein hoti rehti hain' !

Cheers and bye for now,

(rpr)

Another related post is

http://tasliim.blogspot.com/2009/01/blog-post_279.html

Zeashan Zaidi



--- On Wed, 2/4/09, arvind mishra <drarvind3@...> wrote:

> From: arvind mishra <drarvind3@...>
> Subject: Re: [indiansciencefiction] Fw: {Samayiki Mitra} рд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА
- рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╡реЗрдмрдкрддреНрд░рд┐рдХрд╛ | Samayiki - Hindi Webzine
> To: indiansciencefiction@...
> Date: Wednesday, February 4, 2009, 8:42 PM
> Dear Dr.Dubey,
> The following posts could also be appended to the
> compilation.
> http://mishraarvind.blogspot.com/2009/01/blog-post_23.html
> http://mishraarvind.blogspot.com/2009/01/blog-post_25.html
>
> 2009/2/4 arvind dubey <drarvinddubey2004@...>
>
> >
> >
> > arvind dubey
> >
> > --- On *Wed, 2/4/09, рд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА -
> рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╡реЗрдмрдк <debashish@...>*
> wrote:
> >
> > From: рд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА - рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА
> рд╡реЗрдмрдк <debashish@...>
> > Subject: {Samayiki Mitra} рд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА -
> рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╡реЗрдмрдкрддреНрд░рд┐рдХрд╛ | Samayiki
> - Hindi
> > Webzine
> > To: nirantar-mitra@googlegroups.com
> > Date: Wednesday, February 4, 2009, 9:34 AM
> >
> >    рд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА - рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА
> рд╡реЗрдмрдкрддреНрд░рд┐рдХрд╛ | Samayiki - Hindi
> Webzine<http://www.samayiki.com/>
> >
> > рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ
> рдорд┐рд▓рд┐рдпрдиреЗрдпрд░ рдореБрдЭреЗ
> рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рди рдХрд░
> рд╕рдХреА?<http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/samayiki/%7E3/0RhOZ04RT8s/>
> >
> > Posted: 03 Feb 2009 02:08 AM PST
> >
> <https://feedads.googleadservices.com/%7Ea/ddObKsDY_6wk9zsG1hplDl8TV90/a>
> >
> > [image: SlumDog Millionaire]
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> рдЧрдВрджреА рдмрд╕реНрддреА рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╣рдиреЗ
> рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ 18 рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╕рд╛рд╣рд╕реА
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> > рд▓реЛрдХрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп рдЯреАрд╡реА рдХреНрд╡рд┐рдЬрд╝
> рд╢реЛ рдореЗрдВ 2 рдХрд░реЛрдбрд╝ рд░реБрдкрдпреЗ
> рдЬреАрддрдиреЗ рдХрд┐ рдХрдЧрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ рд╣реИ, рдХреА
> рд╣реА рддрд░рд╣
> > рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ рдорд┐рд▓рд┐рдпрдиреЗрдпрд░
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> рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред
> >  рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ рдкрд░ рдХреНрдпрд╛
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> > рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рдкрд░ рджрд░реНрдЬрдиреЛрдВ
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> рдмрд╣реБрдд рдХрдо рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рд╣реА
> рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рджреЗрдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж
> > рдЗрд╕рдХреА рд╕рдореАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рд▓рд┐рдЦреАред
> рдХреБрдЫ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдХреЗ
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> рд╢рдмреНрдж рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдкрд░
> > рдЬрд╝реНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдЖрдкрддреНрддрд┐ рд╣реИ рдФрд░
> рд╢реЗрд╖ рдиреЗ рдХрд╣реЗрд╕реБрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░
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> рд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА рдиреЗ
> > рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдмреНрд▓реЙрдЧрдордВрдбрд▓ рдХрд╛
> рдПрдХ рдЪрдХреНрдХрд░ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЬреЛ
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> рдкрд╣реБрдВрдЪрд╛ рд░рд╣реЗ
> > рд╣реИрдВ
> > *рджрд┐рд▓ рдХрдбрд╝рд╛ рдХрд░ рдХреЗ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛
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> > рдЕрдорд░реАрдХреА рд╕рд┐рдиреЗрджрд░реНрд╢рдХреЛрдВ
> рд╕реЗ рднрд░реЗ рд╣реЙрд▓ рдореЗрдВ рдРрд╕рд╛ рд▓рдЧрд╛
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> рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗ
> > рдирдВрдЧрд╛ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛
> рд╣реИтАжрдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдореЗрдВ рд░реЛрдорд╛рдВрдЪ
> рд╣реИ, рд░реЛрдорд╛рдиреНрд╕ рд╣реИ, рдмрдврд╝рд┐рдпрд╛
> рдЕрджрд╛рдпрдЧреА рд╣реИред рд╕рдм
> > рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдмрд╕ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдпрд╣реА
> рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд▓рдЧрддрд╛ рдХрд┐
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> > рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдХреНрдпрд╛
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>
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> > [image: Cartoon by Kirtish Bhatt]
> >
> > Cartoon by Kirtish Bhatt
> > *рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛ рд╕реНрд▓рдо рд╕реЗ рд╣реИ,
> рдбреЙрдЧ рд╕реЗ, рдпрд╛ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдирд┐рдпрд░
> рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд╕реЗ?*
> > рдмрдЬрд╛рдп рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдирд┐рдпрд░ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ
> рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреЛ рдЧрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЕрдЧрд░
> рд╣рдо рд╕реНрд▓рдо рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЛ
> рдЧрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рддреЗ
> > рддреЛ рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░
> рд╣реЛрддрд╛ред -
>
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> > *рд╕реНрд▓рдо рдбреЙрдЧ рдорд┐рд▓рд┐рдпреЛрдирд░ -
> рдЭреБрдЧреНрдЧреА рдХрд╛ рдХреБрддреНрддрд╛, 10 рд▓рд╛рдЦ
> рдмрд╛рд▓рд╛*
> > рдореЗрд░рд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди рдпреЗ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐
> рдХреИрд╕реЗ рдХреЛрдИ рдЗрдВрд╕рд╛рди рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ
> рдЗрдВрд╕рд╛рди рдХреЛ рдХреБрддреНрддрд╛ рдХрд╣
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> > рдЕрдВрдбрд░-рдбреЙрдЧ рдХреА рддрд░рд╣ рдПрдХ
> рдореЛрд╣рд╛рд╡рд░рд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ, рдЧрд╛рд▓реА
> рд╣реИ, рд╣рд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдд рд╣реИ, рд╕рдВрд╡реЗрджрдирд╛
> рд░рд╣рд┐рдд рд╢рд╛рдмреНрджрд┐рдХ
> > рджрд┐рд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛рдкрди рд╣реИред тАН -
> *рд╣рд░рд┐ рдкреНрд░рд╕рд╛рдж
>
рд╢рд░реНрдорд╛*<http://hariprasadsharma.blogspot.com/2009/01/slumdog-millionair\
e.html>
> > *рдЧрд╛рд▓реА, рдЬреЛ рдкреБрд░реБрд╖реНрдХрд╛рд░
> рдХреЗ рдмреЛрдЭ рддрд▓реЗ рджрдм рдЧрдИ!*
> > рдПрдХ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢реА рдХреЛ рдЗрд╕ рддрд░рд╣
> рдХреЗ рдирд╛рдо рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдХреА
> рд╕реВрдЯрд┐рдВрдЧ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВ
> рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреНрдпреЛ рджреА
> > рдЧрдИ?тАжрдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрддрд░
> рдХрд┐рд░рджрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдореБрд╕реНрд▓рд┐рдо
> рдирд╛рдо рд╣реИ ! рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдпрд╣
> рдореБрд╕рд▓рдорд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдиреАрдЪрд╛
> > рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ
> рдореБрд╕рд▓рдорд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рджрд┐рд▓ рдореЗрдВ
> рдпрд╣ рдирдлрд░рдд рдкреИрджрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ
> рдЙрджреНрджреЗрд╢реНрдп рд╕реЗ рддреЛ
> > рдирд╣реА рдмрдирд╛рдИ рдЧрдИ рдХрд┐ рдЗрд╕ рджреЗрд╢
> рдореЗрдВ рдпреЗрдВ рд▓реЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рддрдиреА
> рджрдпрдиреАрдп рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рд╣реИ? -
> *PCG*<http://godiyalji.blogspot.com/2009/01/blog-post_23.html>
> > *рдореЗрд╣рдирддрдХрд╢ рд╕реНрд▓рдо рдбреЙрдЧ рд╣реА
> рдЕрд╕рд▓реА рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдирд┐рдпрд░*
> > рдлрд╝рд┐рд▓реНрдо рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░реАрди рд╣реИрдВ
> рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рд╡реЛ рднреА рдХрд╣реА рди рдХрд╣реА
> рдпреБрд╡рд╛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧ рдХреЗ рдорди рдореЗрдВ
> рдлрд╝реЗрдиреНрдЯреЗрд╕реА
> > рд▓реИрдиреНрдб рдмрдирд╛ рджреЗрддреА рд╣реИрдВред
> рдореЗрд░реА рдирдЬрд╝рд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдкрдЯрдирд╛
> рдХреЗ рд╕реБрдкрд░ 30 рдореЗрдВ рдкрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдХрд░
> рдЖрдИрдЖрдИрдЯреА рддрдХ
> > рдкрд╣реБрдВрдЪреЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рдпрд╛ рдлрд┐рд░
> рдореЗрд╣рдирддрдХрд╢ рд╕реНрд▓рдо рдбреЙрдЧ рд╣реА
> рдЕрд╕рд▓реА рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдирд┐рдпрд░ рд╣реИрдВред -
> *рдЕрд╢реЛрдХ
> рджреБрдмреЗ*<http://hamaardharti.blogspot.com/2009/01/blog-post_26.html>
> > *рдЖрд╕реНрдХрд░ рд╣реА рд╢реНрд░реЗрд╖реНрдарддрд╛
> рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдорд╛рдг рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ?*
> > рдпреВрд░реЛрдк рдореИ рдЗрдХ рдРрд╕рд╛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧ
> рд╡рд┐рдХрд╕рд┐рдд рд╣реБрдЖ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рднрд╛рд░рдд
> рдХреЛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдкрдЯрд▓ рдкрд░ рджрд░рд┐рджреНрд░
> рд╡ рднреНрд░рд╖реНрдЯ
> > рджреЗрд╢ рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИ
> рдЗрд╕реАрд▓рд┐рдП рдпрд╣ рд╡рд░реНрдЧ рдЗрди
> рдпреВрд░реЛ-рдЗрдВрдбрд┐рдпрди рдХреА рдШрд┐рдиреЛрдиреА
> рдорд╛рдирд╕рд┐рдХрддрд╛ рдХреЛ
> > рдореЗрдЧрд╕реЗрд╕реЗ рд╡ рдмреБрдХрд░
> рдкреБрд░рд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░ рджреЗрдХрд░ рдкреЛрд╖рд┐рдд
> рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИтАжрдпрджрд┐ рдЖрдк
> рдЯреЗрдХреНрдирд╛рд▓реЛрдЬреА рдХреЛ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝ рджреЗ
> рддреЛ
> > рдЕрдиреНрдп рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдорд╛рдорд▓реЗ рдореИ
> рд╣рдо рд╣рд╛рд▓реАрд╡реБрдб рд╕реЗ рдкреАрдЫреЗ
> рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ, рдкрд░рдиреНрддреБ рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ
> рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рд╣рдордиреЗ рдЖрд╕реНрдХрд░
> > рдХреЛ рд╣реА рд╢реНрд░реЗрд╖реНрдЯрддрд╛ рдХрд╛
> рдкреНрд░рдорд╛рдг рдорд╛рди рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред -
> *рд╕реБрдиреАрд▓
> рд╕рдпрд╛рд▓*<http://punybhoomi-bharat.blogspot.com/2009/01/blog-post.html>
> > *рдордВрдЪ рдкрд░ рддрд╛рд▓рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ
> рдХреБрдЫ рдмрджрд▓реЗрдЧрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ*
> > рд╕рдЪреНрдЪреА рдХрд▓рд╛рдХрд╛рд░реА рддреЛ рдЗрд╕
> рдмрд╛рдд рдореЗрдВ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЖрдк
> рднреВрдЦреА-рдирдВрдЧреА рдЬрдирддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП
> рдХреБрдЫ рднреА рдХрд░ рдкрд╛рдпреЗрдВред
> > тАж рдирд╣реАрдВ рддреЛ рдЖрдкрдХреА
> рдХрд▓рд╛рдХрд╛рд░реА рдЧрдИ рдЪреВрд▓реНрд╣реЗ рдореЗрдВ,
> рдЙрдиреНрд╣реАрдВ рдХреБрддреНрддреЛрдВ рдХреА рдмрд▓рд╛
> рд╕реЗ, рдЬрд┐рдирдХрд╛ рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рдг
> > рдЖрдкрдиреЗ "рд╕реНрд▓рдо-рдбреЙрдЧ"
> рдореЗрдВ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИ!! рднрдЗрдпрд╛ рдЗрд╕
> рддрд░рд╣ рдХреЗ рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рдг рдХреЛ рдХрд░ рдХреЗ
> рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рддрдорд╛рдо
> > рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдореА рдордВрдЪреЛрдВ рдкрд░
> рддрд╛рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдЕрд╡рд╢реНрдп рдмрдЯреЛрд░реА рдЬрд╛
> рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИ рдордЧрд░ рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рдХреБрдЫ рднреА
> рдмрджрд▓ рдирд╣реАрдВ
> > рдкрд╛рддрд╛!! - *рд░рд╛рдЬреАрд╡
> рдереЗрдкрдбрд╛*<http://darpansah.blogspot.com/2009/01/blog-post_26.html>
> > *рд╕рдВрдХрд▓рдирдГ рд░рдордг рдХреМрд▓
> <http://kaulonline.com/>*
> > рдФрд░ рдЬрдорд╛рд▓ рдХреА рд╣реА рддрд░рд╣, рдЬрд┐рд╕
> рдкрд░ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЛ рдпрдХреАрди рдирд╣реАрдВ
> рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рдХрд┐ рд╡реЛ рдЯреАрд╡реА рд╢реЛ рдкрд░
> рдмрд┐рдирд╛
> > рдзреЛрдЦрд╛рдзрдбрд╝реА рдХреЗ рдЗрддрдиреА рдЖрдЧреЗ
> рддрдХ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдмреЙрдпрд▓ рдХреЗ
> рд▓рд┐рдП рднреА рдХреБрдЫ рдЖрд▓реЛрдЪрдХреЛрдВ рдиреЗ
> рдХрд╣рд╛ рдХрд┐
> > рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗ рдПрдХ рдЖрд╕рд╛рди
> рд╢рд╛рд░реНрдЯрдХрдЯ рдкрдХрдбрд╝рд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░
> рдЧрд░реАрдмреА рдХрд╛ "рдЗрд╕реНрддреЗрдорд╛рд▓"
> рдХрд░ 'рд╣рдо рдЧрд░реАрдм рд╣реИрдВ рдкрд░
> > рд╣рдо рдЦреБрд╢ рд╣реИрдВ' рдиреБрдорд╛
> рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдХреЛ рднреБрдирд╛рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред
> > рдЪрд╛рд░ рдЕрдорд░реАрдХреА рдЧреЛрд▓реНрдбрди
> рдЧреНрд▓реЛрдм рдЕрд╡рд╛рд░реНрдб рдЬреАрддрдиреЗ рдФрд░
> рдмреНрд░рд┐рдЯреЗрди рд╡ рдЕрдореЗрд░рд┐рдХрд╛ рдХреЗ
> рдмреЙрдХреНрд╕ рдЖрдлрд┐рд╕ рдкрд░
> > рдЕрдм рддрдХ рдХрд░реАрдм 5 рдХрд░реЛрдбрд╝ рдбреЙрд▓рд░
> рдХрдорд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ
> рдирд┐рдГрд╕рдВрджреЗрд╣ рдЪрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдУрд░
> рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп
> > рдмрдиреА рд╣реБрдИ рд╣реИред
> > рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рд╡реНрдпрдЧреНрд░ рдФрд░
> рдЕрддрд┐рд╢реНрдпреЛрдХреНрддрд┐рдкреВрд░реНрдг
> рдорд╣рд╛рдирдЧрд░ рдореБрдВрдмрдИ рдФрд░ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛
> рдХреА рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЙрд░реНрд╡рд░ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо
> > рдЗрдВрдбрд╕реНрдЯреНрд░реА рдмреЙрд▓реАрд╡реБрдб
> рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рдмреЙрдпрд▓ рдХрд╛
> рд╕реНрддреБрддрд┐рдЧрд╛рди рднреА рд╣реИред
> > рд╣рд░ рддрд░рд╣ рддрд╛рд░реАрдлреЗрдВ рдмрдЯреЛрд░
> рд░рд╣реА рд╡ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд┐рдд рдорд┐рд╢реНрд░рд┐рдд
> рдХрд╛рд╕реНрдЯ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдпрд╣ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо
> рд╡реНрдпрдЧреНрд░ рдФрд░
> > рдЕрддрд┐рд╢реНрдпреЛрдХреНрддрд┐рдкреВрд░реНрдг
> рдорд╣рд╛рдирдЧрд░ рдореБрдВрдмрдИ рдФрд░ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛
> рдХреА рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЙрд░реНрд╡рд░ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо
> рдЗрдВрдбрд╕реНрдЯреНрд░реА
> > рдмреЙрд▓реАрд╡реБрдб рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐
> рдмреЙрдпрд▓ рдХрд╛ рд╕реНрддреБрддрд┐рдЧрд╛рди рднреА
> рд╣реИред
> > рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд╣рд░ рдХреА
> рдШреБрдЯрдирднрд░реА рдФрд░ рд░рдВрдЧреАрди рдЧрдВрджрдЧреА
> рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╣ рд░рд╣реЗ
> рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рдг
> > рдкрд░ рдХреБрдЫ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдЗрд╕реЗ
> рдореБрдВрдмрдИ рдкрд░ рдбрд┐рдХреЕрдиреНрд╕ рдХрд╛
> рдирдЬрд╝рд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдмрддрд╛рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рддреЛ
> рдХреБрдЫ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдЗрд╕
> > рдкрд░ рд╡реНрдпрдВрдЧреНрдп рдХрд╕рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП
> рдЗрд╕реЗ рдЧрд░реАрдмреА рдХрд╛ рдШрд╛рд╕рд▓реЗрдЯреА
> рд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рддреНрдп рдХрд░рд╛рд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред
> рдПрдХ рдЖрд▓реЛрдЪрдХ рдиреЗ
> > рдмреЙрдпрд▓ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рдо рдХреЛ
> "рдлреИрд╢рдиреЗрдмрд▓ рдЧрдВрджреА рдмрд╕реНрддреА
> (рд╕реНрд▓рдо рдЪрд┐рдХ)" рдХрд╣рд╛ред
> > рдмрд╛рдд рд╕рд╣реА рд╣реИ, рдХреВрдбрд╝реЗ-рдХрдЪрд░реЗ
> рдХреЗ рдкрд╣рд╛рдбрд╝реЛрдВ рдХреА рдЫрд╛рдВрд╡ рдореЗрдВ,
> рд╕рд╛рдВрдкреНрд░рджрд╛рдпрд┐рдХ рджрдВрдЧреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ
> рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ
> > рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗ рдЙрдирдХреА рдорд╛рдВрдПрдВ
> рдХрддреНрд▓ рдХрд░ рджреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░
> рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдореА рд╕реНрдЯрд╛рд░ рд╕реЗ
> рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рдЧрдВрджреА
> > рдмрд╕реНрддреА рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рд▓рдбрд╝рдХрд╛
> рдЦреБрд▓реЗ рдЖрд╕рдорд╛рди рдХреЗ рдиреАрдЪреЗ рд╢реМрдЪ
> рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдорд▓ рдХреЗ рдХреАрдЪрдбрд╝ рдореЗрдВ
> рдЧрд┐рд░ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
> > рдПрд╕рд┐рдб рд╕реЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреА
> рдЖрдЦреЗрдВ рдЬрд▓рд╛ рджреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИрдВ, рдФрд░
> рд▓рдВрдкрдЯ рдиреМрдЬрд╡рд╛рдВ рд▓рдбрд╝рдХрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ
> рдЬрдмрд░рди
> > рд╡реЗрд╢реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдзрдХреЗрд▓
> рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
> > рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдХреЗ
> рд░рд┐рд▓реАрдЬ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рджрд┐рди
> рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ, рдХреБрдЫ рдПрдирдЬреАрдУрдЬрд╝ рдиреЗ
> рдЦрдмрд░рдЪрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ
> > "рдЕрд╕рд▓реА рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧреНрд╕"
> рд╕реЗ рдорд┐рд▓рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЖрдордВрддреНрд░рдг
> рджрд┐рдпрд╛ред рдореЗрд░реЗ рдЗрдирдмреЙрдХреНрд╕ рдореЗрдВ
> рдкрдбрд╝реЗ рдПрдХ рдЖрдордВрддреНрд░рдг
> > рдкрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд┐рдЦрд╛ рд╣реИ,
> "рд╣рдо рдЖрдкрдХреЗ рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдХреА
> рдЧрдВрджреА рдмрд╕реНрддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ
> рдФрд░ рдЕрд╕рд▓реА
> > "рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧреНрд╕" рд╕реЗ
> рдЗрдВрдЯрд░рд╡реНрдпреВ рд▓реЗрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдореМрдХрд╛
> рджрд┐рд▓рд╛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ - рдРрд╕реЗ
> рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рдЬреЛ рд╣рд░ рд░реЛрдЬ
> > рдЕрд╕реАрдо рдЧрд░реАрдмреА рдореЗрдВ рдЬреАрддреЗ
> рд╣реИрдВред
> > рдЕрдиреНрдп рдЕрдиреЗрдХ рдЪреАрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреА
> рддрд░рд╣, рдореБрдХреНрдд рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ
> рдЧрд░реАрдмреА рднреА рдПрдХ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛
> рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рд╣реИред рдкрд░
> > рднрд╛рд░рдд рдЧрд░реАрдм рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ
> рд▓рд┐рдП рдмреЗрд╣рдж рдХреНрд░реВрд░ рдФрд░
> рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рдХрдареЛрд░
> рднреА рд╣реИ, рдФрд░ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛
> > рдХреЗ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдЕрд╕рдорд╛рди
> рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рд╣реИред
> > рдореБрдЭреЗ рдмреЙрдпрд▓ рдХреА рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо
> рдореЗрдВ рдЧрдВрджреА рдмрд╕реНрддреА рдореЗрдВ
> рд░рд╣рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреА
> рд╕рд╣рдирд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдФрд░ рдЧрдВрджреА
> > рдмрд╕реНрддреА рдХреЗ рдЬреАрд╡рди рдХреА
> рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛рдИрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рдг рд╕реЗ
> рдХреЛрдИ рдкрд░реЗрд╢рд╛рдиреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ: рдпреЗ
> рддреЛ рдХрднреА рди
> > рдмрджрд▓рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд▓реЛрдХрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп
> рдкреВрд░реНрд╡реА рд░реВрдврд╝рд┐рд╡рд╛рджреА рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛
> рдХрд╛ рд╣рд┐рд╕реНрд╕рд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЧрд░реАрдм рдпрд╛рдирд┐
> рдЧрдВрджреА рдмрд╕реНрддреА
> > рдпрд╛рдирд┐ рдЧрдВрджреЗ,
> рдореБрд╕реНрдХреБрд░рд╛рддреЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗред рд╣рдо
> рдЗрди рдмрд╛рддреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдмрдЦреВрдмреА
> рд╡рд╛рдХрд┐рдлрд╝ рд╣реИрдВред
> > рджрд░рдЕрд╕рд▓, рдРрд╕рд╛ рд▓рдЧрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐
> рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдпреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рднреА рдкрд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдореА
> рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдордХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛
> рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдмреЗрдмрд╕
> > рдЧрд░реАрдмреА рдХреА рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд┐рдд рдЫрд╡рд┐
> рдХреЛ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдХрд╛рд░ рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред
> > рдореБрдЭреЗ рд╡реЛ рд╕реЗрдЯ рдпрд╛рдж рд╣реИрдВ -
> рдПрдХ рдмрдбрд╝реА рдЧрдВрджреА рдмрд╕реНрддреА, рдФрд░
> рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рдерд╛?
> рдкреИрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдХ рд╕реНрд╡реЗрдЬрд╝реА
> > рдЕрднрд┐рдирд┐рдд рд░реЙрд▓реИрдВрдб рдЬреЙрдл рдХреА
> рдХрд░реЛрдбрд╝реЛрдВ рдХреА рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ
> рд╕рд┐рдЯреА рдСрдл рдЬреЙрдп рдХреЗ рд╕реЗрдЯ, рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ
> 1990 рдореЗрдВ
> > рдХрд▓рдХрддреНрддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдиреЗ
> рдЬрд▓рд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдЙрдирдХрд╛
> рдЖрд░реЛрдк рдерд╛ рдХреА рд╡реЗ рдЧрд░реАрдмреА рдмреЗрдЪ
> рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЬреЙрдл
> > рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рди рдмрд╛рдВрдз
> рдХрд░ рд╢рд╣рд░ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рдирд╛ рдкрдбрд╝рд╛ред
> рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдХреЛ рдмрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВ рд▓рдВрджрди
> рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рдЗрдирд╡реБрдб
> > рд╕реНрдЯреВрдбрд┐рдпреЛ рдореЗрдВ рдкреВрд░рд╛
> рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред
> > рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ рдорд┐рд▓рд┐рдпрдиреЗрдпрд░
> рдХреЛ рд▓реЗрдХрд░ рдореЗрд░реЗ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд▓ рдХреБрдЫ
> рдФрд░ рд╣реИрдВред рдпреЗ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдореБрдЭреЗ
> рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ
> > рдХрд░ рдкрд╛рдИред
> > рдореБрдЭреЗ рд▓рдЧрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдмреЙрдпрд▓
> рдПрдХ рдмреЙрд▓реАрд╡реБрдб рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ
> рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рд╢ рдХрд░ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗ -
> рдмрд┐рдЫрдбрд╝реЗ рдЧрд░реАрдм
> > рднрд╛рдИ, рдПрдХ рддрд░рдлрд╛ рдкреНрдпрд╛рд░ -
> рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕ рдкрд░ рд╡рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╡рд┐рдХрддрд╛ рдХрд╛
> рдвреЗрд░ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛ рддрдбрд╝рдХрд╛ред рдкрд░
> рдЕрдВрддрддрдГ рдпреЗ рдЙрд╕
> > рд╢реИрд▓реА рдХреА рдПрдХ рдЕрдкрд░рд┐рдкрдХреНрд╡
> рдирдХрд▓ рд╣реИ рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ рд╕рд┐рд░реНрдл
> рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рд╣реА рдЙрд╕ рдЙрддреНрд╕рд╛рд╣ рд╡
> рдЖрд╡реЗрдЧ рд╕реЗ рдмрдирд╛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ
> > рд╣реИрдВ рдЬрд┐рд╕рдХреА рд╡рд╣ рд╣рдХрджрд╛рд░
> рд╣реИред
> > рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдореЗрдВ
> рд╡рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╡рд┐рдХрддрд╛ рдмрд╕ рд╕рддрд╣реА рд╣реИ,
> рдФрд░ рдХреБрдЫ рд╢рд╛рдирджрд╛рд░ рдЕрднрд┐рдирдп рдХреЗ
> рдмрд╛рд╡рдЬреВрдж рдХрдерд╛рдирдХ рдкрд░
> > рд╕реНрдЯрд╛рдИрд▓ рд╣рд╛рд╡реА рд░рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
> рдФрд░ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдореБрдЭреЗ рдЙрд╕ рддрд░рд╣ рд╕реЗ
> рдмрд╛рдВрдзреЗ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд░рдЦ рдкрд╛рддреА
> рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдХреА,
> > рдорд╕рд▓рди, 2002 рдореЗрдВ рдмрдиреА рд░рд┐рдУ
> рдбреЗ рдЬрдиреЗрд░реЛ рдХреЗ рдлрд╡реЗрд▓рд╛рд╕ рдореЗрдВ
> рдЬрд╝рд┐рдВрджрдЧреА рдХреА рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдмрддрд╛рддреА
> > рдмреНрд░рд╛рдЬрд╝реАрд▓рд┐рдпрд╛рдИ рдЕрдкрд░рд╛рдз
> рдирд╛рдЯрд┐рдХрд╛ "рд╕рд┐рдЯреА рдЖрдл
> рдЧреЙрдб"ред
> > рд╢рд╛рдирджрд╛рд░ рд╕рдВрдкрд╛рджрди рдФрд░ рдЪрдкрд▓
> рдЫрд╛рдпрд╛рдВрдХрди рдХреА рдмрджреМрд▓рдд
> рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ рдХреЗ рджреГрд╢реНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреА
> рддреЗрдЬрд╝ рдЧрддрд┐ рдЕрдЪрдВрднрд┐рдд
> > рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИред рдпреЗ рднрдбрд╝рдХреАрд▓реА
> рд╣реИ, рдкрд░ рдЙрддрдиреА рднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐
> рдмреЙрд▓реАрд╡реБрдб рд╕реЗ рдЯрдХреНрдХрд░ рд▓реЗ
> рд╕рдХреЗред рд░реЗрд▓реНрд╡реЗ
> > рд╕реНрдЯреЗрд╢рди рдкрд░ рдПрдХ рдиреГреНрддреНрдп
> рдПрд░реЛрдмрд┐рдХ рдХреА рдХрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдиреБрдорд╛
> рд▓рдЧрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдХрд╛
> рд╕рд╛рдЙрдВрдбрдЯреНрд░реИрдХ рд░реИрдк,
> > рд╣рд┐рдкрд╣реЙрдк рдФрд░ рдлрдВрдХ
> рдмреЙрд▓реАрд╡реБрдб рдХреА рд╢реЛрд░рдЧреБрд▓ рднрд░реА
> рдЦрд┐рдЪрдбрд╝реА рд╣реИред рдП рдЖрд░ рд░рд╣рдорд╛рди
> рдЧреЛрд▓реНрдбрди рдЧреНрд▓реЛрдм рдХреЗ
> > рд╣рдХрджрд╛рд░ рд╣реИрдВ рдкрд░ рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ
> рдмрд┐рд▓рд╛рд╢рдХ рдЙрдирдХрд╛ рд╢реНрд░реЗрд╖реНрдЯрддрдо
> рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред
> > рд╣рд░ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЛ рдПрдХ рд╢реЛрд╖рд┐рдд
> рдХреА рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рд▓рдЧрддреА
> рд╣реИред рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдЗрд╕
> рдирд┐рд░рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЬрдирдХ рджреМрд░ рдореЗрдВ
> > рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ рджрд░реНрд╢рдХреЛрдВ рдХреЗ
> рджрд┐рд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЫреВ рдЧрдИред рдкрд░
> рдЪрддреБрд░рд╛рдИ рд╕реЗ рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдмрдпрд╛рдБ
> рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдХрд▓рд╛ рд╕реЗ
> > рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдШрд┐рд╕рд╛рдкрд┐рдЯреЗ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ
> рдХреА рдмрд╛рдд рдЫрд┐рдк рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╕рдХрддреАред
> > рдЕрдиреНрдп рдЕрдиреЗрдХ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдореЛрдВ рдХреА
> рддрд░рд╣ рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ рднреА рдпреЗ
> рд╕рд╛рдмрд┐рдд рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ рдХрд┐
> рд╡реИрд╢реНрд╡рд┐рдХрд░рдг рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд╡рдЬреВрдж
> > рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрддрд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдПрдХ
> рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рдХреЛ рд╕рдордЭрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ
> рдХрд╛рдлреА рд╣рдж рддрдХ рдирд╛рдХрд╛рдо рд░рд╣реА
> рд╣реИрдВред
> > рдЕрдиреНрдп рдЕрдиреЗрдХ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдореЛрдВ рдХреА
> рддрд░рд╣ рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ рднреА рдпреЗ
> рд╕рд╛рдмрд┐рдд рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ рдХрд┐
> рд╡реИрд╢реНрд╡рд┐рдХрд░рдг рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд╡рдЬреВрдж
> > рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрддрд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдПрдХ
> рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рдХреЛ рд╕рдордЭрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ
> рдХрд╛рдлреА рд╣рдж рддрдХ рдирд╛рдХрд╛рдо рд░рд╣реА
> рд╣реИрдВред рдЪреВрдВрдХрд┐ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп
> > рд╕рд┐рдиреЗрдорд╛ рдкрд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдо рдореЗрдВ
> рдмрд╣реБрдд рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ
> рдмреЗрдХрд╛рд░ рдмреЙрд▓реАрд╡реБрдб рдореЗрд▓реЗ рдХрд╛
> рджреНрдпреЛрддрдХ рд╣реИ,
> > рдЖрд▓реЛрдЪрдХреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╕рд░рд╛рд╣рдирд╛
> рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд, рдФрд░ рдЕрдХреНрд╕рд░
> рд▓реЛрдХрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп, рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдореЛрдВ,
> рдЬрд┐рдирдореЗрдВ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ
> > рджрдмреЗрдХреБрдЪрд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдХрд┐рд╕реА
> рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢реА рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рд╕реЗ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛
> рдЙрдЧреНрд░ рд╡ рдУрдЬрд╕реНрд╡рд┐рддрд╛ рд╕реЗ рдкреЗрд╢
> рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ,
> > рдХреЛ рдирд┐рдпрдорд┐рдд рд░реБрдк рд╕реЗ
> рдирдЬрд░рдЕрдВрджрд╛рдЬ рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛
> рд╣реИред
> > рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рд╕рддреНрдпрдЬреАрдд рд░реЗ рдпрд╛рдж
> рд╣реИрдВ? рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдПрдХрдорд╛рддреНрд░
> рдЖрд╕реНрдХрд░ рдЬреАрддрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ
> рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдордХрд╛рд░ рдЬрд┐рдирдХрд╛
> > "рдЧрд░реАрдмреА
> рдмреЗрдЪрдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ" рдХреЗ рд░реБрдк рдореЗрдВ
> рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реА рдЙрдкрд╣рд╛рд╕
> рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рдерд╛ рдФрд░ рдЬрд┐рдирдХрд╛
> рд╢реБрд░реБрдЖрддреА
> > рдХрд╛рдо рдЕрдХрд╛рд▓ рдкреАрдбрд╝рд┐рдд
> рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдЧрд╛рдВрд╡реЛрдВ рдкрд░
> рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдерд╛? рднрд╛рд░рдд-рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЬрди
> рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдХрд▓рдХрддреНрддрд╛ рдХреЗ
> > рдЭреЛрдВрдкрдбрд╝ рдкрдЯреНрдЯрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ
> рдЖрддрдВрдХ рдХрд╛ рджрд┐рд▓ рджрд╣рд▓рд╛
> рджреЗрдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рдг рдХрд░рдиреЗ
> рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд░рд┐рддреНрд╡рд┐рдХ рдШрдЯрдХ
> > рдпрд╛рдж рд╣реИрдВ? рдФрд░ рд╣рд╛рд▓ рдХреА рдмрд╛рдд
> рдХреА рдЬрд╛рдп рддреЛ рдХреБрдЫ рдпреБрд╡рд╛
> рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдордХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдиреЗ
> рдРрд╕реЗ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдкрд░
> > рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд┐рдирдореЗрдВ рднрд╛рд░рдд
> рдХреА рдХрдИ рдмрдЧрд╛рд╡рддреЗрдВ рдФрд░
> рдХрдордЬреЛрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдЙрдЬрд╛рдЧрд░ рд╣реЛрддреА
> рд╣реИрдВред
> > рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ рдорд┐рд▓рд┐рдпрдиреЗрдпрд░
> рд╕реЗ рдЬреЛ рд╕рдмрдХ рдорд┐рд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рд╡реЛ рдпрд╣
> рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ 'рдмреЙрд▓реАрд╡реБрдб' рдХреА
> рд╢реИрд▓реА рдкреВрд░реА рддрд░рд╣
> > рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рд╣реА рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдХрд┐рд╕реА
> рдХреА рдирд╣реАрдВ, рдФрд░ рдХреЛрдИ рднреА рдЗрд╕
> рд╢реИрд▓реА рдореЗрдВ рд╣рдорд╕реЗ рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░
> рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдирд╣реАрдВ
> > рдмрдирд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ред
> > рдФрд░ рдЕрдЧрд░ рдЖрдк рдореБрдВрдмрдИ рдХреЗ
> рдЧрдВрджрд▓реЗ рдЗрд▓рд╛рдХреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕рд╛рд╣рд╕рд┐рдХ
> рд╡рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╡рд┐рдХрддрд╛ рджреЗрдЦрдирд╛
> рдЪрд╛рд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рддреЛ
> > рд░рд╛рдордЧреЛрдкрд╛рд▓ рд╡рд░реНрдорд╛ рдХреА
> рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рд╕рддреНрдпрд╛ рдХреА рдбреАрд╡реАрдбреА
> рд▓реЗ рдЖрдЗрдПред 1998 рдореЗрдВ рдореБрдВрдмрдИ рдХреЗ
> рд░рдВрдЧреАрд▓реЗ
> > рдЕрдВрдбрд░рд╡рд░реНрд▓реНрдб рдореЗрдВ
> рдордЬрдмреВрд░рди рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓
> рдЖрдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╕рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдмрдиреА рдЗрд╕
> рдлреАрдЪрд░ рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо рдХреЗ рдореБрдХрд╛рдмрд▓реЗ
> > рд╕реНрд▓рдордбреЙрдЧ рдПрдХ рдЪрддреБрд░,
> рдЙрддреНрд╕рд╛рд╣рдЬрдирдХ рдПрдордЯреАрд╡реА
> рдбрд╛рдХреНрдпреВ-рдбреНрд░рд╛рдорд╛ рд▓рдЧрддреА рд╣реИред
> >
> > рдмреАрдмреАрд╕реА рдкрд░
>
рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд<http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/south_asia/784396\
0.stm>рд▓реЗрдЦ
> рдХрд╛ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡рд╛рдиреБрдорддрд┐ рд╕реЗ
> рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рджред рд╕реМрддрд┐рдХ рдХреЗ рд▓реЗрдЦ
> рдХрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИ
> рдкреВрд░реНрдгрд┐рдорд╛ рд╢рд░реНрдорд╛
> > рдиреЗред рдкреВрд░реНрдгрд┐рдорд╛ рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА
> рдЖрдЬрддрдХ, рдбреАрдбреА рдиреНрдпреВрдЬрд╝ рд╡
> рдкрд▓реНрд╕ рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдХрд╛рдо
> рдХрд░ рдЪреБрдХреА рд╣реИрдВред
> > рд╕рдВрдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд╣рд┐рдВрджреБрд╕реНрддрд╛рди
> рдЯрд╛рдИрдореНрд╕ рд╕рдореВрд╣ рдХреЗ рджреИрдирд┐рдХ
> рдЕрдЦрдмрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдпреЗ
> рдлреНрд░реАрд▓рд╛рдВрд╕рд░ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ
> > рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░ рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИрдВред рдЙрдирд╕реЗ
> рд╕рдВрдкрд░реНрдХ рдХрд╛ рдкрддрд╛ рд╣реИ sharmapurnima1 at
> gmail dot comред
> >
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> > --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~
> > рдЖрдкрдиреЗ рдпрд╣ рд╕рдВрджреЗрд╢
> рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНтАНрдд рдХрд┐тАНрдпрд╛
> рдХреНтАНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐тАН рдЖрдкрдиреЗ рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ
> рд╕рджрд╕реНрдпрддрд╛ рд▓реА рд╣реИ Google рд╕рдореВрд╣
> > "Samayiki Mitra" рд╕рдореВрд╣
> >  рдЗрд╕ рд╕рдореВрд╣ рдХреЛ рдкреЛрд╕реНрдЯ
> рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП,
> рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдкрддреЗ рдкрд░ рдИрдореЗрд▓
> рднреЗрдЬреЗрдВ
> > nirantar-mitra@googlegroups.com
> >  рдЗрд╕ рд╕рдореВрд╣ рд╕реЗ рд╕рджрд╕реНрдпрддрд╛
> рд╕рдорд╛рдкреНтАНрддрд┐тАН рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рдпрд╣рд╛рдВ
> рдИрдореЗрд▓ рднреЗрдЬреЗрдВ
> >
>
nirantar-mitra+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com<nirantar-mitra%2Bunsubscribe@googleg\
roups.com>
> >  рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд╡рд┐рдХрд▓реНрдкреЛрдВ рдХреЗ
> рд▓рд┐рдП,
> http://groups.google.com/group/nirantar-mitra?hl=hiрдкрд░
> рдЗрд╕
> > рд╕рдореВрд╣ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдПрдБ
> > -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
> >
> >
> >
> >
>
>
>
> --
> arvind mishra

Arvind - why not just post a link? Some of us sometimes access the
network over slow lines, & large messages discourage downloading the
group's messages at such times. Thanks.

arvind dubey wrote:
> arvind dubey
>
> --- On *Wed, 2/4/09, рд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА - рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╡реЗрдмрдк
/<debashish@gmail. com>/* wrote:
>
>     From: рд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА - рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╡реЗрдмрдк
<debashish@gmail. com>
>     Subject: {Samayiki Mitra} рд╕рд╛рдордпрд┐рдХреА - рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА
рд╡реЗрдмрдкрддреНрд░рд┐рдХрд╛ | Samayiki -
>     Hindi Webzine
>     To: nirantar-mitra@ googlegroups. com
>     Date: Wednesday, February 4, 2009, 9:34 AM
....

--
<http://variety-sf.blogspot.com/>


Send instant messages to your online friends http://in.messenger.yahoo.com

I wish all the friends after being absent for some time. I am busy on
the subject in the caption. However  iam going through the postings
from time to time

I welcome the new site on indian science fiction which provides a
platform to showcase the science fictions. the details of how to
submit the sceince ficiton. postel address phone number etc are not
given. this may be given

K. Mohan(Mohan Sanjeevan)

Vigyanlok, Vigyan Kathayen

(rpr)

May be do it after a some days.

Their main feed - "http://indisf.com/rss.xml" - refuses to load in
Thunderbird, my feed reader. Invalid feed. Firefox can, however, load
it. Not much content yet, anyway.

They do have a fiction feed though -
"http://indisf.com/taxonomy/term/31/0/feed". This came ok in Thunderbird
- so I'm subscribed, & may eventually add it to one of the fiction bots
of Variety SF. But no content yet.

arvind mishra wrote:
> Friends,
> http://indisf. com/ <http://indisf.com/>
> This is a new Indian venture to unfold many hitherto unfamiliar facets
> of sf and needs your kind attention and sustained support to scale
> new heights in making the genre popular in India and abroad.
> Such new ventures are always welcome.Kudos to the team which have made
> this possible.
> arvind

--
<http://variety-sf.blogspot.com/>


Send instant messages to your online friends http://in.messenger.yahoo.com

Friends,
http://indisf.com/
This is a new Indian venture to unfold many hitherto unfamiliar  facets
of sf and  needs your kind attention and sustained support    to scale
new heights in making the genre popular in India and abroad.
Such new ventures are always welcome.Kudos to the team which have made
this possible.
arvind

Very Interesting.

Zeashan Zaidi


--- On Sun, 2/1/09, arvind dubey <drarvinddubey2004@...> wrote:

> From: arvind dubey <drarvinddubey2004@...>
> Subject: [indiansciencefiction] Stanford Writes In World's Smallest Letters
> To: indiansciencefiction@...
> Date: Sunday, February 1, 2009, 4:19 PM
> Stanford Writes In World's Smallest Letters
>
> ScienceDaily (Jan. 31, 2009) тАФ Stanford researchers have
> reclaimed bragging rights for creating the world's
> smallest writing, a distinction the university first gained
> in 1985 and lost in 1990.
>
>
> See also:
> Matter & Energy
>
> Physics
> Nanotechnology
> Optics
> Chemistry
> Quantum Physics
> Materials Science
> Reference
>
> Scanning tunneling microscope
> Electron
> Nanowire
> Electron microscope
> How small is the writing? The letters in the words are
> assembled from subatomic sized bits as small as 0.3
> nanometers, or roughly one third of a billionth of a meter.
> The researchers encoded the letters "S" and
> "U" (as in Stanford University) within the
> interference patterns formed by quantum electron waves on
> the surface of a sliver of copper. The wave patterns even
> project a tiny hologram of the data, which can be viewed
> with a powerful microscope.
> "We miniaturized their size so drastically that we
> ended up with the smallest writing in history," said
> Hari Manoharan, the assistant professor of physics who
> directed the work of physics graduate student Chris Moon and
> other researchers.
> The quest for small writing has played a role in the
> development of nanotechnology for 50 years, beginning
> decades before "nano" became a household word.
> During a now-legendary talk in 1959, the remarkable
> physicist Richard Feynman argued that there were no physical
> barriers preventing machines and circuitry from being shrunk
> drastically. He called his talk "There's Plenty of
> Room at the Bottom."
> Feynman offered a $1,000 prize for anyone who could find a
> way to rewrite a page from an ordinary book in text 25,000
> times smaller than the usual size (a scale at which the
> entire contents of the Encyclopedia Britannica would fit on
> the head of a pin). He held onto his money until 1985, when
> he mailed a check to Stanford grad student Tom Newman, who,
> working with electrical engineering Professor Fabian Pease,
> used electron beam lithography to engrave the opening page
> of Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities in such small print
> that it could be read only with an electron microscope.
> That record held until 1990, when researchers at a certain
> computer company famously spelled out the letters IBM by
> arranging 35 individual xenon atoms.
> Now, in a paper published online in the journal Nature
> Nanotechnology, the Stanford researchers describe how they
> have created letters 40 times smaller than the original
> prize-winning effort and more than four times smaller than
> the IBM initials.
> Working in a vibration-proof basement lab in the Varian
> Physics Building, Manoharan and Moon began their writing
> project with a scanning tunneling microscope, a device that
> not only sees objects at a very small scale but also can be
> used to move around individual atoms. The Stanford team used
> it to drag single carbon monoxide molecules into a desired
> pattern on a copper chip the size of a fingernail.
> On the two-dimensional surface of the copper, electrons zip
> around, behaving as both particles and waves, bouncing off
> the carbon monoxide molecules the way ripples in a shallow
> pond might interact with stones placed in the water.
> The ever-moving waves interact with the molecules and with
> each other to form standing "interference
> patterns" that vary with the placement of the
> molecules.
> By altering the arrangement of the molecules, the
> researchers can create different waveforms, effectively
> encoding information for later retrieval. To encode and read
> out the data at unprecedented density, the scientists have
> devised a new technology, Electronic Quantum Holography.
> In a traditional hologram, laser light is shined on a
> two-dimensional image and a ghostly 3-D object appears. In
> the new holography, the two-dimensional "molecular
> holograms" are illuminated not by laser light but by
> the electrons that are already in the copper in great
> abundance. The resulting "electronic object" can
> be read with the scanning tunneling microscope.
> Several images can be stored in the same hologram, each
> created at a different electron wavelength. The researchers
> read them separately, like stacked pages of a book. The
> experience, Moon said, is roughly analogous to an optical
> hologram that shows one object when illuminated with red
> light and a different object in green light.
> For Manoharan, the true significance of the work lies in
> storing more information in less space. "How densely
> can you encode information on a computer chip? The
> assumption has been that basically the ultimate limit is
> when one atom represents one bit, and then there's no
> more roomтАФin other words, that it's impossible to
> scale down below the level of atoms.
> "But in this experiment we've stored some 35 bits
> per electron to encode each letter. And we write the letters
> so small that the bits that comprise them are subatomic in
> size. So one bit per atom is no longer the limit for
> information density. There's a grand new horizon below
> that, in the subatomic regime. Indeed, there's even more
> room at the bottom than we ever imagined."
> The research was supported by the Department of Energy
> through SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the
> Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science (SIMES),
> the Office of Naval Research, the National Science
> Foundation and the Stanford-IBM Center for Probing the
> Nanoscale.
> Video from Stanford.
>
>
> Journal reference:
>
> Moon et al. Quantum holographic encoding in a
> two-dimensional electron gas. Nature Nanotechnology, 2009;
> DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.415
> Adapted from materials provided by Stanford University.
> Email or share this story: ┬а
> addthis_pub  = 'sciencedaily';
>
>
>
>
> Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report?
> Use one of the following formats:
>
>  APA
>
>  MLA
> Stanford University (2009, January 31). Stanford Writes In
> World's Smallest Letters. ScienceDaily. Retrieved
> February 1, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com┬н
> /releases/2009/01/090130154918.htm
>
>
>
>
> enlarge
>
> This is an electron wave quantum hologram displaying the
> initials "SU" of Stanford University. The yellow
> area is a copper surface. The holes in the copper are
> molecules of carbon monoxide. Constantly moving electrons on
> the surface of the copper bounce off the carbon monoxide
> molecules in predictable ways. With their dual wave/particle
> properties, the electron waves in the purple area create
> inference patterns that can store readable information, in
> this case, SU. To store information, the researchers arrange
> the molecule in specific patterns with a scanning tunneling
> microscope. (Credit: Stanford University)
>
> arvind dubey