Dear Dr Thakkar saheb,

Thanks for querry, I think that message was some time around april2008. and that
old mail may be possible to trace from my emails accounts or science group
message archieves. but I need some help from you. if you are not able to read
email/message from your email account, or can not access URL links from internet
LINKS in EMAIL OR deleted?
If you can give me a DATE of email and copy EMAIL heading with date - please
copy and forward me in reply Email - so it will be easy for me to trace the
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please stay in touch and send us your comments to support us and the sience
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Mean time I send original report of APRIL 2008 Apr 25, 2008 0:07 | Updated Apr
25, 2008 2:11
Research: Early man near vanished in Africa
For a large part of its history the early human race was split into two separate
species, and was so small that it likely verged on extinction, an Israeli-led
genetic study has shown. The research shows that two separate populations may
have formed in the East and South of Africa, and perhaps dropped to as few as
2,000.
The study also demonstrates that DNA samples from people alive today - and not
only studies of bones, archeological evidence and wall drawings - can be used to
determine how the human race evolved.
The analysis - just published in the American Journal of Human Genetics and led
by Dr. Doron Behar at Rambam Medical Center's laboratory of molecular medicine
in Haifa and Dr. Saharon Rosset of IBM's T.J. Watson Research Center in New York
and Tel Aviv University - is said to be the most extensive survey to date of
African mitochondrial DNA handed down by mothers since the beginning of the
human race.
"The migrations 60,000 years ago that led modern humans on their epic journeys
to populate the world have been the primary focus of anthropological genetic
research, but relatively little is known about the demographic history of our
species over the previous 140,000 years in Africa," Behar said. "The new study
returned the focus to Africa, and in doing so refines our understanding of early
modern Homo sapiens history."
"This study illustrates the extraordinary power of genetics to reveal insights
into some of the key events in our species‚ history. Tiny bands of early humans,
forced apart by harsh environmental conditions, coming back from the brink to
reunite and populate the world. It was truly an epic drama, written in our DNA,"
said Dr. Spencer Wells, a National Geographic explorer-in-residence and director
of the Genographic Project.

For the article called "The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity," the
researchers used blood or cheek epithelial cell samples stored in labs around
the world - that included mitochondrial DNA - from some 600 people who
originated in Africa. The researchers put a special focus on the Himla Soodyall
indigenous people, who number in the thousands to tens of thousands and whose
native language consists of clicks.
Various studies in other disciplines showed these people had many things in
common, including their features and the fact that they were hunter-gatherers
rather than farmers.
The 600 unrelated participants, including 38 Himla Soodyall and people from all
of North Africa - including Chad, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Cameroon, Morocco,
Tunisia and even Israeli Jews, Beduin and Druse - gave their informed consent
for taking part in the research.
The researchers' analyses of the extensive genotyped data provided surprising
insights into the early demographic history of human populations before they
moved out of Africa. Research shows that early human populations were small and
isolated both geographically and socially from each other for tens of thousands
of years.
"Our aim was to document if these people descend from the oldest in the human
species. It seems that their ancestors split off from other Africans between
90,000 and 150,000 years ago and were isolated due to topographical and other
reasons," Behar told The Jerusalem Post on Thursday. "Small groups of
hunter-gatherers looked for a good place to live in a difficult environment."
Recent paleoclimatological data suggest that eastern Africa went through a
series of massive droughts between 90,000 and 135,000 years ago. It is possible,
the researchers suggest, that this climatological shift contributed to the
population splits. What is surprising is the length of time the populations were
separate - as much as half of our entire history as a species.
The genetic split in Africa resulted in distinct populations that lived in
isolation for as much as 100,000 years, the scientists say. At the time of the
split - some 150,000 years ago - our species, Homo sapiens, was still confined
to the African continent.
On one side of this divide were the mitochondrial lineages now found
predominantly in East and West Africa, and all maternal lineages found outside
Africa.
On the other side of the divide are lineages predominantly found in the Khoi and
San (Khoisan) hunter-gatherer people of southern Africa.
This could have been caused by arid conditions driving a wedge between humans in
eastern and southern Africa.
It would be the longest period for which modern human populations have been
isolated from one another.
The isolated African groups started to meet up again with each other about
40,000 years ago, during the African Late Stone Age, and then grew in numbers
and moved to an expanding area. Many archeologists believe this era heralded the
beginning of fully modern human behavior, including abstract thought and complex
spoken language.
Other researchers have hypothesized that during the initial isolation, about
70,000 years ago, Homo sapiens was almost wiped out, with the world population
numbering as low as 2,000 people. But they banded together and survived.
The researchers were members of the Genographic Project launched in 2005 by
National Geographic and IBM, with field research supported by the Waitt Family
Foundation and laboratory research supported by Applied Biosystems. The aim was
to use genetics as a tool to address anthropological questions on a global
scale. A consortium of 10 regional scientific teams took DNA samples and
analyzed them in their respective regions.
Mitochondrial DNA, inherited down the maternal line, was used to discover the
age of the famous "mitochondrial Eve" in 1987, said Behar. This work has since
been extended to show unequivocally that the most recent common female ancestor
of everyone alive today was an African woman who lived in the past 200,000
years. Paleontology provides corroborating evidence that our species originated
in Africa approximately 200,000 years ago.
"We see strong evidence of ancient population splitsbeginning as early as
150,000 years ago, probably giving rise to separate populations localized to
eastern and southern Africa," Behar said.
While human populations had been quite small prior to the Late Stone Age, the
expansion after this time led to the occupation of many previously uninhabited
areas, including the world beyond Africa.
"It was only around 40,000 years ago that they became part of a single
pan-African population, reunited after as much as 100,000 years apart."
Rosset said that "the analysis of such a massive dataset presents statistical
and computational challenges as well as great opportunities for discovery of the
events that shaped our history and genetic landscape. For example, we can see
evidence of a population expansion period starting around 70,000 years ago,
perhaps leading to the out-of-Africa dispersal shortly afterward."
Paleontologist Meave Leakey, a Genographic advisory board member, National
Geographic explorer-in-residence and research professor at Stony Brook
University in New York, said: "Who would have thought that as recently as 70,000
years ago, extremes of climate had reduced our population to such small numbers
that we were on the very edge of extinction?"

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From: drthakkerps@...: kutchsciencefoundation@...: RE:
decrease of no. of homo sepience 70,000 years agoDate: Sat, 10 Jan 2009 08:28:41
+0000

Dear Dr. Bhudia, I am under impression that you sent a mail
regarding decrease in no. of homo sepience 70,000 years ago on earth. I am
not getting the message from the folder.Can you help me in this field? is it
possible for you to send again the message or send the refernce to me?With kind
regards,
P.S. Thakker
_________________________________________________________________
Cut through the jargon: find a PC for your needs.
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