Dear Friends,
wish you Happy Gujarat / Maharashtra Day ,
Our Sun has big Naked eye visible SUN spot @ the centre of our SUN but beware -
never look directly to the sun or BINO/TELEscope with out proper filters.
Dangerous to see direct or TELE/bino without filters and might damage the Ratina
of the Eye.
Planet 'seen' around distant sun
The planet (left) is about five times the size of our Jupiter
European and American scientists say they have photographed a planet
outside the Solar System for the first time.
The European Southern Observatory group said the red image is the first
direct shot of a planet around another star.
The planet, known as 2M1207b, is about five times the size of Jupiter and
is orbiting at a distance nearly twice as far as Neptune is from our Sun.
The parent star and planet are more than 200 light-years away near the
southern constellation of Hydra.
There has been a lot of competition among astronomers to secure the first
direct picture of an exoplanet.
When the ESO group first released the picture last September there was
doubt over whether the star and planet were gravitationally bound.
The new images essentially confirm our 2004 finding
Benjamin Zuckerman, UCLA
But follow-up images taken at the Very Large Telescope facility in Chile
show the two objects are moving together.
"Our new images are quite convincing," said Gael Chauvin, an Eso
astronomer.
"This really is a planet - the first planet that has ever been imaged
outside of our Solar System," he added.
Tough task
It is extremely difficult for current technology to detect exoplanets -
let alone get a clear shot of one.
All of the 130 or so exoplanets so far discovered have been found using
indirect methods - looking for changes in the properties of stars (their
brightness or way they move) that can be explained only by the presence of a
planet.
Now we have a direct observation, the Eso team says.
An artist's impression of the planet around the brown dwarf
The star has the uninspiring catalogue number 2M1207A. It is a brown
dwarf, or "failed star" - an object whose mass of hydrogen and helium has failed
to trigger the nuclear reactions that would make it shine brightly like normal
stars.
At the time of 2M1207b's discovery, it was impossible to prove that the
red speck caught in the original images was not a background object, such as an
unusual galaxy or a peculiar cool star.
The new observations show with high confidence that the two objects are
moving together and hence are gravitationally bound.
"The two objects - the giant planet and the young brown dwarf - are moving
together; we have observed them for a year, and the new images essentially
confirm our 2004 finding," said Benjamin Zuckerman, a University of
California-Los Angeles (UCLA) professor of physics and astronomy.
Anne-Marie Lagrange, another member of the team from the Grenoble
Observatory in France, looks towards the future: "Our discovery represents a
first step towards one of the most important holy grails of modern astrophysics:
to characterise the physical structure and chemical composition of giant and,
eventually, terrestrial-like planets."
The original and follow-up observations were made at the Very Large
Telescope facility
Dr Chauvin added: "Given the rather unusual properties of the 2M1207
system, the giant planet most probably did not form like the planets in our
Solar System."
"Instead it must have formed the same way our Sun formed, by gravitational
collapse of a cloud of gas and dust."
As a consequence, there are bound to be some scientists who will still
question if 2M1207b really is a planet.
Lynne Hillenbrand, an assistant professor of astronomy at the California
Institute of Technology, told the Associated Press news agency: "The claim of an
object being a planet is subject to one's definition of planet, and there are
different camps on what that definition is."
What everybody wants is a direct image of a rocky planet like Earth
circling another star. But this will not come until we get the next generation
of super-telescopes capable of resolving such small, faint objects.
The latest research has been accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysics, a
premier journal in astronomy.
With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
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Dear Docs & Friends of Bio Science,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4469409.stm
Diabetes drug 'may stop cancers'
Metformin is currently licensed for treating diabetes
A drug commonly used to treat Type 2 diabetes may prevent cancer,
researchers have said.
The team studied cancer rates among 6,000 people with diabetes and found
those who took metformin cut their risk of all tumour types by more than 25%. A
larger study to verify the University of Dundee team's findings, published
online at bmj.com, will begin soon. Ultimately, metformin might be used as an
anti-cancer drug, the researchers said at Diabetes UK's annual meeting.
'Fewer cancers' Professor Dario Alessi and colleagues looked at the rates
of cancers recorded among about 6,000 people with diabetes, half of whom were
taking metformin and half of whom were not.
If the trials confirm our findings, metformin could be used for
cancer within a year or so
Professor Dario Alessi
They found the metformin group had far fewer cancers than the other group
- in the order of 20-40%. They believe that the drug protects against cancer by
switching on an enzyme in the body called AMPK. This enzyme tricks cancer cells
into thinking that they have insufficient sources of energy to grow. Professor
Andrew Morris said: "Metformin has been used to treat people with Type 2
diabetes in the United Kingdom since 1957.
"Despite being the most widely used drug for people with the condition, it
is only recently that we have learnt how it works. The possibility that it may
have beneficial effects beyond diabetes control is very exciting indeed."
Professor Alessi said that because the drug was already on the market it could
cut out 10-15 years of testing that is usually associated with medical
breakthroughs before a drug becomes available.
Future hope
"If the trials confirm our findings, metformin could be used for cancer
within a year or so. "One needs to do many more clinical investigations, but it
might be useful for people who have already had tumours removed, such as breast
or colon cancers, to stop cancer recurring." He said that although the drug, by
its nature as a diabetes medication, lowers blood sugar, this might not be too
much of a problem to people without diabetes.
"It's a remarkably well tolerated drug," he said. Amanda Vezey, care
advisor at Diabetes UK, said: "This is a very interesting study undertaken by
researchers well known in the field of diabetes. "However, it is in its very
early stages and we would need to wait for the results of the larger scale study
before we can draw any firm conclusions. "We'll be following the progress of the
next study with interest."
Professor John Toy, Medical Director at Cancer Research UK, said: "This is
a very interesting early finding, but as the authors themselves say, further
work is needed to confirm whether this is correct or not. "We know that
metformin affects the levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Cancer
Research UK scientists are working on this area as high levels of IGF-1 appear
to confirm an increased risk of certain cancers including prostate, colon and
breast."
With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
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Dear Docs & Friends of Bio Science,
BBC News - Inhaled insulin 'within a year' Latest - 20/04/2005
A device which allows people with diabetes to inhale insulin could be
licensed within a year, scientists claim.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cumbria/4468021.stm
A device which allows people with diabetes to inhale, rather than inject,
insulin could be licensed for use within a year, scientists claim.
Tests carried out around the UK and in the US have shown that the device is as
effective as conventional injections. Scientists told the Diabetes UK conference
it would offer a choice to the 700,000 people in the UK who currently need to
take insulin. However, they said inhaled insulin would not be suitable for
everyone. The device, which would fit into a handbag, contains a blister pack of
insulin in the form of dry powder.
While it will not be suitable for everyone this could make a real
difference to the daily lives of many people with diabetes
Douglas Smallwood, Diabetes UK
To release the powder, the user presses a button and inhales the powder. People
with Type 1 diabetes, who develop the condition as children or young adults, are
usually unable to produce any insulin at all. This means they can often need to
inject insulin up to six times a day to boost insulin levels. Anthony Barnett,
professor of medicine at the University of Birmingham, who has been involved in
the insulin inhaler research, said the device - which delivers short-acting
insulin - could cut the number of injections people with Type 1 diabetes need to
just one or two. The researchers have also looked at people with Type 2
diabetes, which usually develops in adulthood and can often be controlled with
diet and medicines. They said inhaled insulin appeared to give better blood
glucose control than taking tablets.
'Choice'
Inhaled insulin is not currently licensed for use, but licence applications have
been made to the European Medicines Evaluation Agency. If the European regulator
gives the go-ahead, the device could be used in the UK. A separate body, the
National Institute for Clinical Excellence, would then recommend if it should be
approved for use on the NHS. Professor Barnett said the device could receive its
European licence within a year.
He added: "Good blood glucose control is essential to keeping people with
diabetes healthy. "It can sometimes be very difficult trying to maintain that on
a daily basis. "For some people, one of the difficulties can be having to inject
insulin up to four times a day. "Our hope is that inhaled insulin will provide
more choice, making it easier for people with diabetes to stay healthy." Douglas
Smallwood, chief executive of charity Diabetes UK, added: "Since insulin was
discovered in the 1920s, injections have been the only option. That can be
difficult for some people.
"Many attempts have been made to come up with new treatments and at last we
appear to be close to success. "While it will not be suitable for everyone, this
could make a real difference to the daily lives of many people with diabetes."
In total, around 1.8 million people have been diagnosed with diabetes in the UK,
but it is estimated that a further one million people have the condition but are
unaware of it.
BBC News - Glowing inhaler 'may save lives' Latest - 21/04/2005
An inhaler which glows in the dark could help to cut the number of asthma
fatalities, its inventor says.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4464571.stm
A Cumbrian-born inventor has developed a glow-in-the-dark inhaler in a bid to
cut the number of fatal asthma attacks.
Grant Taylor, originally from Carlisle, uses crystals similar to those found in
sea plankton, which glow for 18 hours after only eight minutes in sunlight. He
has spent £3m developing the method, which he hopes will have a number of
medical applications. Mr Taylor says more than 3,000 people die each year
because they cannot find their inhaler in the dark. He was inspired to create
the device after hearing the story of pioneering heart surgeon Christian
Barnard, who died of an asthma attack while trying to find his inhaler in the
dark. Products already manufactured using the crystals include life hammers,
used to smash car and rail carriage glass in an emergencies, Swiss army knives,
fire extinguishers and diving torches.
Mr Taylor, now based in the West Midlands, said: "It's amazing. We've got it
into the fishing industry, on handles in train carriages and even exit signs.
"We're focusing on potentially life-saving devices at the moment. Any critical
care emergencies that require night-time doses, such as heart medication,
diabetic insulin or the contents of medical boxes, would benefit from this
additive."
Complements From Yours : Dr. BHUDIA.- Science Group Of INDIA.
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
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Dear DOCs and Science Friends,
Smart lenses to halt short sight http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4437067.stm
Scientists have designed special contact lenses that could help make
short-sightedness a thing of the past.
The custom-made lenses are intended to correct problems with focusing which eye
experts blame for progressive short vision, or myopia. A team at Anglia
Polytechnic University will test whether the lenses can prevent people's myopia
getting worse. The ultimate aim is to give myopia-prone children the lenses to
wear from the age of five.
This should stop them encountering any short-sightedness later on and eye
diseases linked with myopia, such as cataracts and glaucoma. Short-sightedness
is caused by the inability of the muscles in the eye to flatten the lens enough
to focus light from distant objects directly on to the retina.
Instead, the point of focus is in front of the retina, leading to a blurred
image. Glasses correct the problem by moving the focal point back onto the
retina.
However, even when wearing glasses, short-sighted people cannot always focus
very accurately on things, particularly when they are close up, said lead
investigator and optometrist Professor Daniel O'Leary.
Correcting vision
Mr Nick Astbury, president of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists
He explained: "It's because they have some small optical imperfections in
addition to being short-sighted and spectacles have the same power across the
whole of the lens.
"With time, the inaccurate focussing makes their condition worse so they become
more and more short-sighted. So what we have done is devise tailor-made lenses
to correct these problems." He said that experts know enough about myopia to
predict which children are likely to become short-sighted. For example, both
parents having myopia increases a child's risk six-fold, he said.
"We could do a little screening test when children are five or six years old,
identify the ones at risk and encourage them to wear lenses to stop them
developing myopia so they have perfect sight," said Professor O'Leary. His team
is currently recruiting 400 volunteers with myopia aged between 14 and 21 to
test the lenses. The researchers will follow their progress for two years to see
whether the lenses have prevented any further deterioration compared with no
intervention.
Colleagues in Australia are also testing how well young children can adapt to
wearing contact lenses. Around 12 million people in the UK, or a quarter of the
population in the UK, are short-sighted. Globally, the figure is close to one
billion.
Mr Nick Astbury, president of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, said:
"Myopia is a big problem world wide. We welcome any research that might help in
this area. We look forward to seeing the results."
With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
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Dear friends of Astronomy and geology Science,
Also read this
BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon - Snowball Earth
The controversial theory that for millions of years the Earth was
plunged into catastrophe - entirely smothered in ice up to one kilometre thick.
www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/.../snowballearth.shtml
BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon - Snowball Earth
Programme transcript. The controversial theory that for millions of
years the Earth was plunged into catastrophe - entirely smothered in ice up to
one kilometre thick.
www.bbc.co.uk/scien.../snowballearth_transcript.shtml
BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon - Snowball Earth
Links. The controversial theory that for millions of years the Earth was
plunged into catastrophe - entirely smothered in ice up to one kilometre thick.
www.bbc.co.uk/science/hor.../snowballearth_info.shtml
BBC - Science - Horizon - Archive 2000
BBC Horizon archive 2000-2001. Pure science, sheer drama - stories from
the whole range of scientific endeavours.
www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/snowballearth.shtml
Snowball Earth
BBC2 9.00pm Thursday 22nd February 2001
There is a controversial theory that for millions of years the Earth was
entirely smothered in ice, up to one kilometre thick. The temperature hovers
around -40ºC everywhere, even in the tropics and the equator. If it did, then
virtually nothing could survive this ferocious climate. There are some
tantalising geological clues that show this theory may be true but the problem
is, the clues and the Snowball Earth theory defy the laws of nature.
For over fifty years a group of scientists has been trying to prove this
incredible period of Earth history. Struggling against scepticism and disbelief,
now finally the many mysteries have been solved and the scientific community is
slowly coming around to the extraordinary idea not just of the dramatic freeze,
but of an equally dramatic thaw. Scientists across the world are starting to
believe that in the past the Earth froze over completely for ten million
years... then warmed up rapidly about 600 million years ago. Almost all life was
wiped out. But out of the freeze emerged the first complex creatures on Earth.
Scientists now believe that the so-called Snowball Earth theory could hold the
key to the evolution of complex life on this planet.
The discovery of this theory is a classic scientific detective story. For
decades there had been a growing 'X-File' of geological anomalies haunting the
scientific community. Telltale signs of past glaciation have been found in
places that should have been much too hot - very near the equator. Even during
the most severe ice age, scientists believed that the ice only reached as far
down as Northern Europe and the middle of the USA. So what could these tropical
deposits mean?
Back in the 1960s one of the first climate modellers, Mikhail Budyko, stumbled
on an ingenious answer. Through some simple mathematical formulae, he calculated
that if the polar ice caps had spread past a crucial point, a runaway freezing
process would have followed, eventually freezing over the whole of the planet.
The idea fascinated scientists, but no one thought his runaway glaciation was
anything more than a theoretical result. Surely it had never actually happened
on planet Earth?
The idea foundered because according to the model, once the Earth was frozen
there was no way out - the Earth would remain frozen forever. The big freeze
would wipe out all life; we would not exist today. It seemed patently absurd.
But then came a series of insights and inspirations from a geologist in
California, Joe Kirschvink, who came up with a brilliant solution - that
volcanoes, protruding above the frozen landscape, would have carried on pumping
out carbon dioxide, the greenhouse gas, even though the world had entered the
deep freeze. On Snowball Earth there was no rain to wash this carbon dioxide out
of the atmosphere. Instead it would have built up to higher and higher
concentrations - until eventually it sparked off not just global warming but
global meltdown.
From the baking landscape of Africa to ice-covered Antarctica, Horizon follows
the tale of a theory which, if true, would have huge implications. Because
scientists now believe this cycle of freezing and frying may have created the
unique conditions needed for the evolution of complex life, including our own.
Further information
With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
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Sear Friends of Science,
HARVARD GAZETTE ARCHIVES
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/02.18/light.html
Physicists Slow Speed of Light
By William J. Cromie
Gazette Staff
Lene Hau has shed new light on a new form of matter. Photo by MaryAnn
Nilsson.
Light, which normally travels the 240,000 miles from the Moon to Earth in less
than two seconds, has been slowed to the speed of a minivan in rush-hour traffic
-- 38 miles an hour.
An entirely new state of matter, first observed four years ago, has made this
possible. When atoms become packed super-closely together at super-low
temperatures and super-high vacuum, they lose their identity as individual
particles and act like a single super- atom with characteristics similar to a
laser.
Such an exotic medium can be engineered to slow a light beam 20 million-fold
from 186,282 miles a second to a pokey 38 miles an hour. "In this odd state of
matter, light takes on a more human dimension; you can almost touch it," says
Lene Hau, a Harvard University physicist.
Hau led a team of scientists who did this experiment at the Rowland Institute
for Science, a private, nonprofit research facility in Cambridge, Mass., endowed
by Edwin Land, the inventor of instant photography. In the future, slowing light
could have a number of practical consequences, including the potential to send
data, sound, and pictures in less space and with less power. Also, the results
obtained by Hau's experiment might be used to create new types of laser
projection systems and night vision cameras with power requirements a million
times less than what is presently possible.
But that's not why Hau, a research scientist at both Harvard and the Rowland
Institute, originally set out to do the experiments. "We did them because we are
curious about this new state of matter," she says. "We wanted to understand it,
to discover all the things that can be done with it."
It took Hau and three colleagues several years to make a container of the new
matter. Then followed a series of 27-hour-long trial runs to get all the parts
and parameters working together. "So many things have to go right," Hau
comments. "But the results finally exceeded our expectations. It's fascinating
to see a beam of light almost come to a standstill."
Lene Hau, Zachary Dutton, and Cyrus Behroozi (from left to right) stand by
the equipment they used to create the ultra-high vacuum and super-low
temperatures with which they slowed down pulses of light. The process also
compresses the pulses from 2,500 feet to 0.002 inches in length. Photo by
MaryAnn Nilsson.
Members of Hau's team included Harvard graduate students Zachary Dutton and
Cyrus Behroozi. Steve Harris from Stanford University served as a long-distance
collaborator.
Making a Super-atomic Cloud
The idea of this new kind of matter was first proposed in 1924 by Albert
Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose, an Indian physicist. According to their
theory, atoms crowded close enough in ultra-low temperatures would lock together
to form what Hau calls "a single glob of solid matter which can produce waves
that behave like radio waves."
This so-called Bose-Einstein condensate was not actually made until 1995,
because the right technological pot to cook it up in did not exist. Vacuums
hundreds of trillions of times lower than the pressure of air at Earth's
surface, and temperatures almost a billion times colder that that in
interstellar space, are needed to produce the condensate. Temperatures must be
lowered to within a few billionths of a degree of absolute zero (minus 459.7
degrees F), where atoms have the least possible energy and all but cease to move
around.
Hau and her group started with a beam of sodium atoms injected into a vacuum
chamber and moving at speeds of more than a thousand miles an hour. These hot
atoms have an orange glow, like sodium highway and street lights. Laser beams
moving at the normal speed of light collide with the atoms. As the atoms absorb
particles of light (photons), they slow down. The laser light also orders their
random movement so they move in only one direction.
When the atoms are slowed to a modest 100 miles an hour or so, the experimenters
load the atoms into what they call "optical molasses," a web of more laser
beams. Each time an atom collides with a photon it is knocked back in the
direction from which it came, further slowing it down, or cooling it. The atoms
are now densely packed in a cigar-shaped clump kept floating free of the walls
of their container by powerful magnetic fields. "It's nifty to look into the
chamber and see the clump of cold atoms floating there," Hau remarks. In the
final stage, known as "evaporative cooling," atoms still too hot or energetic
are kicked out of the magnetic field.
The stage is now set for slowing light. One laser is shot across the width of
the cloud of condensate. This controls the speed of a second pulsed laser beam
shot along the length of the cloud. The first laser sets up a "quantum
interference" such that the moving light beams of the second laser interfere
with each other. When everything is set up just right, the light can be slowed
by a factor of 20 million. The process is described in detail in the Feb. 18
issue of the scientific journal Nature. (Warning: Don't try this at home.)
Relativity and the Internet
Slowing light this way doesn't violate any principle of physics. Einstein's
theory of relativity places an upper, but not lower, limit on the speed of
light. According to relativity theory, an astronaut traveling at close to the
speed of light will not get old as fast as those she leaves behind on Earth. But
driving at 38 miles an hour, as everyone knows, will not affect anyone's rate of
aging. "However, slowing light can certainly help our understanding of the
bizarre state of matter of a Bose-Einstein condensate," Hau points out.
And a system that changes light speed by a factor of 20 million might be used to
improve communication. It can be used to greatly reduce noise, which allows all
types of information to be transmitted more efficiently. Also, optical switches
controlled by low intensity light could cut power requirements a million-fold
compared to switches now operating everything from telephone equipment to
supercomputers.
But what about the cost and exotic equipment needed for such improvements?
"Technologies that push past old limits are always expensive and impractical to
begin with; then they become cheaper and more manageable," Hau says
matter-of-factly. She sees the possibility that slow light will lead to
"significant advances in communications ten years from now, if we get to work on
it right away."
What will she do next?
Hau sweeps her hand over a roomful of equipment and explains how things are
already being set up to slow light speed even more, to one centimeter (less than
a half-inch) a second. That's a leisurely 120 feet an hour. Hau will give a
lecture on her experiments at 4:30 p.m. on Monday, Feb. 22, at Room 250,
Jefferson Laboratories.
With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Feel free to visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India
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From: kutchScience
To: 'Dr.H.L.Udeshi' ; 'Dr.Mahesh Punjabi - Kota' ; 'Dr.Shashiben Vani -
Ahmedabad' ; 'Dr.Upendra Vasavda - Mehsana' ; 'Dr.S.K.Takker-Baran' ;
drskb@... ; drsahai@... ; drprpatel@... ;
drpddoshi19@... ; drmaltigupta@... ; drdvyas@... ;
drdjpatel@... ; drdilip@... ; 'Dr.Arun Parikh - Himmatnagar' ;
jpvyas@... ; gcriad1@... ; nayantara_2k@... ;
jhalmora@... ; cnmehta@... ; Dr HARANI ; Dr S R Hirani ; Dr Atul
; drkkd@yahoo ; DR prashant vasa
Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2005 7:10 PM
Subject: Scientists put cancer cells in permanent 'coma'
http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/news/
Dear Docs & science friends,
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nent-coma.html
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News : Scientists put cancer cells in permanent 'coma'
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An unexpected discovery by scientists at the Marie Curie Research Institute
could point the way to a completely new approach to treating cancer.
Current treatments are based on cutting out or killing cancer cells. Now
scientists think their work could lead to a third way of dealing with them. They
have successfully put cancer cells into a permanent 'coma' by reactivating a
natural self-defence mechanism which responds to dangerous mutations by putting
the cell into a state called senescence - meaning that it cannot divide any
more.
Continued >>
Scientists put cancer cells in permanent 'coma'
An unexpected discovery by scientists at the Marie Curie Research Institute
could point the way to a completely new approach to treating cancer.
Current treatments are based on cutting out or killing cancer cells. Now
scientists think their work could lead to a third way of dealing with them. They
have successfully put cancer cells into a permanent 'coma' by reactivating a
natural self-defence mechanism which responds to dangerous mutations by putting
the cell into a state called senescence - meaning that it cannot divide any
more.
In cancers this safeguarding mechanism is bypassed, enabling cell division to
run out of control. Scientists previously thought that in cancers it was damaged
beyond repair.
This new work by the Marie Curie Cancer Care scientists and published today
shows that they can switch back on the mechanism that triggers senescence in
cells for the deadly skin cancer malignant melanoma. The cells stop dividing -
and never divide again.
Dr Colin Goding, Leader of the Signalling and Development Group, who led the
research, explained: "When certain genes called oncogenes are activated by
mutation, they cause cancer to develop. Many oncogenes control cell growth or
cell division.
"When these are mutated, it's like the accelerator in a car being jammed on -
the cell is continuously getting instructions to divide.
"In our lifetime of 70 years or so, we get mutations in these genes all the
time, but may only get cancer once. That is partly because we are protected by
the senescence mechanism.
"Normal cells sense that something is wrong - that the accelerator is jammed on
- and they put on this brake on cell division called senescence, which means the
cell will never divide again. It's in a coma - permanently.
"We thought that when normal cells became melanomas, it wasn't possible to
switch on senescence - these are cancer cells, so by definition, they've
overcome this braking mechanism.
"We were looking at a gene called Tbx2, which is too active in melanoma and
other cancers, and wanted to know exactly what it did and how it did it. It
turned out to be linked to a mechanism that repressed senescence.
"What really surprised us was that when we inhibited Tbx2 in melanoma cells,
they senesced and stopped dividing. This means we have potentially a new way of
stopping cancer cells dividing.
"Now we want to find out in what proportion of melanomas and other cancers we
can induce senescence. We are not sure whether this will be effective against
all melanomas or just some.
"Being able to design drugs that reactivate senescence would be a great boon.
The beauty of it is that this natural mechanism would automatically target cells
which have the accelerator jammed on - it would hit the cancer cells, but not
normal cells."
The scientists carried out their work on human cells in culture. While the
discovery potentially opens up a new route for tackling cancer, drug development
is a long process. It will be at least ten years before the benefits of this
work are seen in the clinic; no clinical trials are planned at this stage.
Dr Goding has been working on malignant melanoma for the past 16 years. His
group started investigating Tbx2 six years ago, and the scientists have focussed
on senescence for three years.
Skin cancer specialist Dr Tim Eisen, Senior Lecturer at the Royal Marsden
Hospital, London, has one of the largest practices dealing with skin cancer in
the UK. He is a member of the National Cancer Research Institute Melanoma
Clinical Studies Group. He said: "My colleagues and I see around 150
newly-referred patients with malignant melanoma every year.
"Understanding how melanomas develop and survive will be crucial to developing
effective treatment for this dangerous condition. At present, we do not have
very effective treatment for melanoma once it has spread to other parts of the
body. "Dr Colin Goding's discovery is an important contribution to this exciting
field. It suggests new ways of tackling melanoma - although much work remains to
be done."
The work of Dr Goding's team work is funded in part by the Association for
International Cancer Research (AICR), which is based in Scotland. Dr Mark
Matfield, the AICR's Scientific Consultant believes the research could open up a
whole new approach to treating cancer in the future.
He said: "Malignant melanoma is a particularly fast growing cancer and we don't
have any really effective treatments for advanced cases.
"This work will excite the scientific community because of the possibility that
this protective self-defence mechanism could form the basis of a potential
treatment, not only for melanomas but also for other fast-growing cancers like
breast, prostate and pancreatic cancer, which between them kill more than 30,000
people in the UK every year."
Pictured: Senescent melanoma cells before and after Tbx2 is switched off.
Senescent cells are blue. Images by permission of Cancer Research.
a.. The team's work was published in Cancer Research, March 15, 2005.65(6):
Vance, K., Carreira, S., Brosch, G.. and Goding, C.R. Tbx2 is overexpressed and
plays an important role in maintaining proliferation and suppression of
senescence in melanomas.
b.. In 2003, malignant melanoma killed 1,766 Britons. If detected early
enough, malignant melanoma is relatively easy to treat as it can simply be
removed from the skin. However, melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer and if it
spreads to other parts of the body, it is very difficult to deal with: current
treatments are largely ineffective.
c.. Scientists at the Marie Curie Research Institute, in Oxted, Surrey,
investigate the causes and treatment of cancer. They focus on how the cells of
our bodies should normally operate; what causes many of the complicated
processes in cells to go wrong, leading to cancer; and how better treatment can
be developed through in-depth knowledge. For more details see
www.mariecurie.org.uk/help/mcri.html
d.. The Association for International Cancer Research (AICR) is a totally
independent charity based in Scotland. It has no commercial ties, no links with
any particular research institutions, and no commitment to follow any particular
line of research. It funds what it considers to be the best researchers and the
most valuable studies wherever they are in the world. This innovative approach
to funding research has enabled AICR to contribute significantly to furthering
man's understanding of cancer.
e.. With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Feel free to visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
From: kutchScience
To: 'Dr.H.L.Udeshi' ; 'Dr.Mahesh Punjabi - Kota' ; 'Dr.Shashiben Vani -
Ahmedabad' ; 'Dr.Upendra Vasavda - Mehsana' ; 'Dr.S.K.Takker-Baran' ;
drskb@... ; drsahai@... ; drprpatel@... ;
drpddoshi19@... ; drmaltigupta@... ; drdvyas@... ;
drdjpatel@... ; drdilip@... ; 'Dr.Arun Parikh - Himmatnagar' ;Dr
HARANI ; Dr S R Hirani ; Dr Atul; drkkd@yahoo ; DR prashant vasa
Sent: Monday, March 14, 2005 12:40 PM
Subject: Transplant cures man of diabetes
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4330717.stm & Study suggests 'type 3 diabetes'
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4315609.stm
Dear Docs & science friends,
Transplant cures man of diabetes http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4330717.stm
&
Study suggests 'type 3 diabetes' http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4315609.stm
A 61-year-old man has become the first person in the UK to be cured of type 1
diabetes thanks to a groundbreaking cell transplant technique.
After receiving insulin-making cells from the pancreases of dead donors, Richard
Lane of Bromley, Kent, no longer needs insulin injections. The King's College
Hospital team said the breakthrough was hugely exciting for people with type 1
diabetes. But the technique is not perfect. Many patients still require top-up
insulin.
Mr Lane, who has had diabetes for over 30 years, had his first islet transplant
in September, followed by a second transplant a month later and the third at the
end of January. He told the Guardian newspaper: "I haven't felt better in myself
for 30 years. I have to pinch myself to ensure I am not dreaming." Mr Lane said
he used to suffer attacks of low blood sugar which could lead to
unconsciousness.
"My wife used to dread me going out of the front door in case there was a call
from the ambulance service. I am now doing half an hour's brisk walk every day,
and I have lost a stone-and-a-half in six months," he said. "It is almost like
being a totally different person." He now has to take drugs to stop his body
rejecting the transplanted cells. Two other UK patients who have been treated
with the procedure still need small doses of insulin.
Canadian researchers were the first to demonstrate that people with type 1
diabetes could remain free of insulin injections after the treatment was
complete. In diabetes, blood sugar is too high because the body cannot use it
properly. This is because the hormone insulin which enables the body to control
blood sugar levels is either not produced by islet cells in the pancreas or does
not work properly. For the transplant, healthy islet cells are taken from donor
pancreases and injected into the patient's liver. Once there, they develop their
own blood supply and begin to produce insulin.
Short supply
Professor Stephanie Amiel, who leads the diabetes team at King's College
Hospital, said: "The implications for the future are enormous. "Eventually this
could mean the end of insulin dependence for all type 1 diabetes sufferers." But
she said there was a shortage of donor pancreases from which to extract islet
cells, which means they could not treat everyone with type 1 diabetes. In the
UK, 250,000 people have type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent
diabetes. The condition usually appears before the age of 40. Japanese
researchers recently said they successfully transplanted islet cells from a
living donor.
Scientists have also been looking at ways to make more of the cells required
using stem cells. Jo Brodie of Diabetes UK said: "The success of islet
transplants is a major breakthrough in improving the lives of people with
diabetes. "Diabetes UK is now funding the work which we hope will turn this
breakthrough into a cure for all people with the condition. "The transplant work
is moving forward all the time and we hope it will become more widely available
in the future."
Annwen Jones, chief executive of Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, which is
also funding research into islet cell transplants, said: "Great improvements
have been made since the first procedure of this type in 2001 and we are
delighted that we now have the expertise to achieve insulin independence in the
UK."
Study suggests 'type 3 diabetes' http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4315609.stm
Scientists say they may have discovered a previously unknown form of diabetes,
after finding the brain produces insulin as well as the pancreas.
Unlike other types of diabetes, the form - dubbed type 3 by the US Brown Medical
School team - is not thought to affect blood sugar. Type 3 affects brain insulin
levels, and appears to be linked with Alzheimer's disease. The team's research
appears in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.
It raises the possibility of a type 3 diabetes
Study author Dr Suzanne de la Monte
Diabetes linked to Alzheimer's
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes occur when the body is unable to produce or use
insulin from the pancreas. The so-called 'type 3' diabetes refers to lower than
normal levels of newly discovered brain insulin, which appears to be associated
with Alzheimer's disease in some way. Scientists have known for some time that
people with diabetes have an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease - by up to
65%. They have also discovered that many type 2 diabetics have deposits of a
protein in their pancreas which is similar to the protein deposits found in the
brain tissue of people with Alzheimer's disease. Research has been going on to
find out what links the two conditions. Dr Suzanne de la Monte and colleagues
now believe it is down to what they are calling type 3 diabetes. By looking at
rodents and post-mortem brain tissue from people with Alzheimer's disease they
have found that insulin and its related proteins are actually produced in the
brain, and that reduced levels of both are linked to Alzheimer's disease.
'Brain' insulin
They say this insulin and its related growth factors and receptors in the brain
are vital for the survival of brain cells. If they are not produced at normal
levels, the cells die. In the case of Alzheimer's, the cells that die are
located in the part of the brain involved with memory, called the hippocampus.
Dr de la Monte, who is a neuropathologist at Rhode Island Hospital, said: "What
we found is that insulin is not just produced in the pancreas, but also in the
brain.
I suspect that the brain insulin itself is not very significant
Professor Greg Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles
"These abnormalities do not correspond to type 1 or type 2 diabetes, but reflect
a different and more complex disease process that originates in the central
nervous system." Not only does this opens the way for targeted treatment to the
brain and changes the way we view Alzheimer's disease, "it raises the
possibility of a type 3 diabetes", she said. "The implication is that treating
type 1 or type 2 diabetes may have no impact on Alzheimer's disease. We believe
that therapeutic agents need to be designed that specifically influence the
actions of insulin in the brain," she said. Cathy Moulton, care advisor at
Diabetes UK, said: "So far studies on a potential link between Alzheimer's and
diabetes have come up with inconclusive results.
'More research'
"There is some evidence to suggest that poorly controlled diabetes also affects
the functioning of the brain. "However, far more research on a link between
Alzheimer's and diabetes is needed before we can draw any firm conclusions." A
spokeswoman from the Alzheimer's Research Trust said: "Researchers have believed
for some time that the role of insulin and its growth factors are very important
in Alzheimer's disease. "Scientists have suggested that the link could be down
to molecular changes affected by insulin. "Work funded by the Alzheimer's
Research Trust is currently investigating the way insulin acts on the brain and
should improve our understanding of Alzheimer's and hopefully lead to way to new
treatments. Professor Greg Cole, from the University of California Los Angeles'
Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, said: "This is a new finding. It is
interesting that the brain makes very low levels of insulin. "But its
significance is unclear. The levels are so low that they have not been detected
with less sensitive methods. I don't think we can say they are high enough to
matter. "I suspect that the brain insulin itself is not very significant and
neither is its deficit in Alzheimer's disease and, therefore, I wouldn't call it
type 3 diabetes." But he said there was evidence that diabetes and Alzheimer's
are linked in some way.
With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Feel free to visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear science friends of and Astronomy,
From: KutchScience To: kutchsciencefoundation ; scienceclubofindia ;
Science CITY GUJARAT
Himalayan glaciers 'melting fast'
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4346211.stm
Melting glaciers in the Himalayas could lead to water shortages for hundreds of
millions of people, the conservation group WWF has warned.
In a report, the WWF says India, China and Nepal could experience floods
followed by droughts in coming decades. The Himalayas contain the largest store
of water outside the polar ice caps, and feed seven great Asian rivers. The
group says immediate action against climate change could slow the rate of
melting, which is increasing annually. "The rapid melting of Himalayan glaciers
will first increase the volume of water in rivers, causing widespread flooding,"
said Jennifer Morgan, director of the WWF's Global Climate Change Programme.
"But in a few decades this situation will change and the water level in rivers
will decline, meaning massive eco and environmental problems for people in
western China, Nepal and northern India."
'Catastrophe'
The glaciers, which regulate the water supply to the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra,
Mekong, Thanlwin, Yangtze and Yellow rivers, are believed to be retreating at a
rate of about 10-15m (33-49ft) each year.
The world faces an economic and development catastrophe if the rate of
global warming isn't reduced
Jennifer Morgan, WWF
Hundreds of millions of people throughout China and the Indian subcontinent -
most of whom live far from the Himalayas - rely on water supplied from these
rivers. Many live on flood plains highly vulnerable to raised water levels. And
vast numbers of farmers rely on regular irrigation to grow their crops
successfully. The WWF said the potential for disaster in the region should serve
to focus the minds of ministers of 20 leading industrialised nations gathering
in London for two meetings on climate change. "Ministers should realise now that
the world faces an economic and development catastrophe if the rate of global
warming isn't reduced," Ms Morgan said.
Temperatures rising
She added that a study commissioned for the WWF indicated that the temperature
of the earth could rise by two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels in a
little over 20 years.
Allowing global temperatures to rise that far would be "truly dangerous", Ms
Morgan said. Nepal, China and India are already showing signs of climate change,
the WWF report says. Nepal's annual average temperature has risen by 0.06
degrees Celsius, and three snow-fed rivers have shown signs of reduced flows.
Water level in China's Qinghai Plateau wetlands have affected lakes, rivers and
swamps, while India's Gangotri glacier is receding by 23 metres each year.
Farmers in rural China are dependent on regular irrigation
With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Feel free to visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Hello,
Almost every amateur astronomer begins to be aware of the Messier Catalog as
soon as he or she opens their first book. The novice is sure to find some
spectacular object pictured and designated by its "Messier Number" with the
universal abbreviation "M". Of the myriads of star clusters and nebulae
scattered over the sky only about 100 (perhaps 110 at most) can claim membership
to this celebrated list. However, this happens to include most, but not quite
all, of the finest of these objects observable from mid-northern latitudes.
CIAA is pleased to announce Messier Certificate program. To qualify for the CIAA
Messier Certificate, you need only be a member of the CIAA, through either an
affiliated club or amateur group. You have to observe any 50 or more of the 110
recognized Messier objects may be observed using binoculars or telescopes.
The program will be coordinated by Mr. CB Devgun. Once a participant has
registered with the CIAA for the program, he/she will be assigned a Registration
Number. The participant will have to use this number to seek the guidance from
the coordinator. He can be communicated via email at cb@...
If you need to become a member of the CIAA as a Member please contact Mr. Nilesh
Vayada, Asst. Secretary at nileshv@...
The fees for the CIAA Messier Certificate program would be Rupees One Hundred
and Fifty (Rs. 150/-) payable by cash in Ahmedabad or Demand Draft drawn in the
name of "Confederation of Indian Amateur Astronomers", payable at Ahmedabad. All
forms duly filled in with registration fees must reach the the General
Secretary, CIAA latest by 20th March, 2005. The fee includes registeration fee
for the programme and supply of support material for the Messier Program.
Last date of submission of observation of log sheet will be 10th April, 2005.
All successful participants will be awarded with certificates on or after the
Astronomy day 2005.
For registration and other deails please check any of these two links
http://www.ciaa.net/messier/index.htmhttp://www.space-india.org/messier
We are grateful to Mr. John Wagoner of CLASS and Astronomy League, USA and Mr.
Edward Flaspoehler President of American Association of Amateur Astronomers for
offering guidelines and support.
This message is being posted in most of the Yahoo! groups to inform every one
concerned. So kindly ignore the duplicate messages.
Clear skies
Manoj Pai
Dear Science and Astronomy friends,
Star 'gnome' is nuclear surprise
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4319061.stm
Star 'gnome' is nuclear surprise
A comparison between our Sun, Jupiter and the stellar "gnome"
A shining star has been located that is not much bigger than Jupiter, the
biggest planet in our Solar System.
The discovery is fascinating, say scientists, because it shows how small
an object can be and still trigger the nuclear reactions for sunshine.
The existence of the star, known as OGLE-TR-122B, was confirmed by the
Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile.
Sited in the Carina constellation, the stellar "gnome" was seen to pass in
front of a much bigger companion star.
As it did so, it dimmed the companion's light received at the VLT, a
facility run by the European Southern Observatory organisation (ESO).
In a volume
It is not known precisely how big an object needs to be to shine. At some
point a gas body will become so massive that the gravitational forces pulling
material into its core will initiate fusion reactions - just like those at the
core of our Sun that give us light.
What is interesting is that although OGLE-TR-122B is a mere 16% larger
than Jupiter, it is actually 96 times more massive.
"Imagine that you add 95 times its own mass to Jupiter and nevertheless
end up with a star that is only slightly larger," suggests Claudio Melo, from
ESO and member of the team of astronomers who made the study.
"The object just shrinks to make room for the additional matter, becoming
more and more dense."
Indeed, the density of OGLE-TR-122B is more than 50 times greater than
that of our own Sun.
Setting limits
The stellar gnome shines, but not very brightly - especially when compared
with the energy released by its large companion star.
"This result shows the existence of stars that look strikingly like
planets, even from close by," said Frederic Pont, of the Geneva Observatory,
Switzerland.
"Isn't it strange to imagine that even if we were to receive images from a
future space probe approaching such an object at close range, it wouldn't be
easy to discern whether it is a star or a planet?"
What is remarkable, however, is that OGLE-TR-122B is actually smaller than
some of the planets discovered recently outside our Solar System.
Details of the study on OGLE-TR-122B will appear in a forthcoming edition
of the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear Science and astronomy Friends,
Spring solstice is approaching soon,
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubindia/files/MeasureEarth.doc
Hints: as Calculation of AU we need to measure Earth First in reality rather
than just taking it granted. As on the Spring solstice day The sun is on the
Equator, we need to go to find actual LATITUDE of the place where we wish to
experiment on the day at local time 12:00 NOON. And that will be real practical
aspect rather than just taken granted.
21 March) : Measuring the Earth:
Sub: How long will it take and how far we need to go to measure the Earth?
Similar to the experiment below, But all need to do is use local time. When sun
gives a shortest shadow (No east or No West). And select two place A & B of
Maximum possible distance apart NORTH and SOUTH and do the measurement same time
at both place as follows.
We can use one control place "S" in South or "N" in North about 50 Km away to
correct any minor errors from short distance "few KM" experiment.
Similar Example of Latitudes longitude finding at the Local time 12 Noon. - for
Local time you need to find the correct time when shadow is shortest - no
shadows East or West. and need to be there at LOCAL time of 12:00 NOON which may
be 12 + MM depending on the place where you go - Longitudes.
Experiments done at the Place A & B on 12 Noon IST will have shadow towards
East/West. Depending your positions in India (West/ East of 82.5 E Longitude),
except place on the IST line - 82:30 East. And so accordingly you will get
shadow East/West. Measure the length of that of shadow of 3 Meter pole OR a
PLUM LINE shadow and find the Tangent = shadow/ pole - will give u the angle.
Say example : shadow = 600 mm at that time. So 600/3000= 0.2
(If shadow is in the EAST than - you are IN the East of the TIME LINE so you
need to Start an experiment a DAY BEFORE (20 March) and repeated on 21st MARCH
before 2 hours before 12 IST and preferably to start more than an hour before to
set up all arrangements)
Now you find exact time when to take results of the experiment. when there is no
shadow to the EAST/WEST - at 12Noon To take the next accurate place readings.
When there is no shadow in East/West but to the NORTH/SOUTH ONLY (depending your
position North or south of the SUN in India or in the world) at that place at
that time.
Now measure the length of the shadow in accuracy of mm fractions. @ places "A",
"B" & "N" or "S"@ the same time. If the Difference of the length of shadow is
1mm at places "A" and "B" same time at Local time when sun gives shortest shadow
-(NO shadow on East or West) the calculations will be simplified as follows.
Anti tan 1/3000 gives the angle made by shadow on the Earth surface gives the
angle = at the centre of the Earth by the distance of the place "A"to "B" on the
surface of the EARTH. Eg about 1.145' (1+') and find the Circumference of the
Earth = 360 degree. (around 40000 Km)
Similarly Controlled reading at "N" / "S" will help you to find accuracy eg long
distance measure will give more accuracy than 2 KM and correct your readings
from that 50 KM distance experiments. (Experiments will give you about
Difference that of "A" and than that of "B") so calculate the anti tangent and
angle of both place "A" and than that of "B" difference of the angle of "A"
and than that of "B" will give you calculations of the circumference of the
Earth and Diameter or R for the Earth.
TO SIMPLIFY MORE and Easy work, Let One of the "N" OR "S" be Either Delhi Jantar
Mantar or JAIPUR - JANTAR MANTAR.
We are very rich in our Astronomy engineering - particularly JAIPUR is the
Richest in that sense. Jaipur has very good working observatory (VEDH SHALA)
with guiding facility.
According to an expert guide (who are also expert in astronomical calculations)-
And that all works local timing and longitude - latitude of the place. Only the
persons required to work for it.
We should utilize that place with aided observation with Summer solstice of 21
March. TEAM A - working with Local observatory guides and Team B working same
time at the place North or south of place "A". That is the best place for us to
utilize the observation at that place and that is relay an opportunity for
Jaipur & Delhi and users too.
(Delhi and Jaipur observatory - Vedh Shala are constructed such a way that it
can work locally @ that Longitude Latitude and also at a LOCAL time of that
place. So we do not need to find the place location of Longitude-Latitude while
working there nor the local time of that working place (Auto Sun Dial activity)
- nor we need toys like GPS nor sophisticated instruments. Not only that but
many of such astronomical activities - needs to be observed and activity to be
worked in same environment such as Local time and longitude Latitude, so many of
activity are very informative for comparisons to such VITAL places as others has
to use their toys of GPS and telescopic compass and Leveling like a
Theodolites). So if we use this place on the day 21 March for a Solistic
measurements. (use the real measured diffence of the angle of the twoplaces
rathere than doing just one place experiments as suggested by some others.
World geometric dimension Table: created
Earth's Equatorial Diameter
Equatorial Circumference 2D
Earth's Inter Polar Diameter
Inter Polar Circumference 2D
12756 Km (E to W)
40053 KM (E to W)
12714 K m (N to S)
39900 KM (N to S)
(E to W 23:30 N/S)
(Using Tangent 23:30=0.917)
360 degree @ 23.5 Degree
36730km@Tropic of Cancer 360 deg Round the Earth
39900 KM Inter Polar
1 Degree = 60 ' Mins /360
=102 km = 64 Miles
1 Degree = 60 ' Mins /360
=110 km = 70 Miles
1' Min = 60 " Secs /60
=1.7 KM =1.067 Miles
1' Min = 60 " Secs /60
=1.84 KM =1.16 Miles
=1700 M = 5632 Feet
=1840 M = 6124 Feet
1"Sec /60
28.3 M =94 Feet
1"Sec /60
30.8 M =102 Feet
= 37 adult steps
= 18 Second's walk
= 40 adult steps
= 20 Second's walk
1minute walk =300feets=92M
1minute walk =300feets=92M
1hour = 5.4 Km walk
1hour = 5.4 Km walk
Project for: Determing the Radius of the Earth
To be able to derive an own measure of the Astronomical Unit from the self
determined value of the Sun's parallax by the following equation (see the
related paper)
you need to determine the radius RE of the Earth.
For this reason, you may contact other participants of our project who are
suitably located with respect to your own site.
Because there are other collaborative projects which have been executed in the
past and the material of which can still be found in the internet (see, for
instance, the Erathostenes Project and its final report) the basic idea and some
methods of measurement are described here only shortly.
Basic Idea
The Earth's radius can be calculated if, for some path on the surface of known
length s, the central angle alpha can be measured. But how is it possible to
measure an angle at the Earth's center? It was the ingenious idea of
Erathostenes to use the fact that the sunlight enters different sites on Earth
in parallel direction and to make use of the methods of "geo-metry" in order to
determine the unreachable angle in the center by measuring two angles z1 and z2
on the Earth's surface.
Plane containing the common circle of longitude of the both observers, the
center of the Earth and the Sun. The axis of rotation lie in the plane of paper.
Plane containing only the common circle of latitude of the both observers.
The axis of rotation is perpendicular to plane of paper.
Methods of Measurement
1.. Two observers of (about) the same longitude
For these observers, it is not necessary to use a clock. Both of them measure
the length lS of the shortest shadow of a vertical pole of length l. In that
moment it is local noon, that means the Sun culminates. Than, the angles zi can
easily be calculated from the ratio lS/l.
The central angle and the Earth's radius can than be calculated as shown in the
left picture above.
2.. Two observers of (about) the same latitude
For these observers, it is crucial to have synchronized clocks because they must
exactly measure the time at which the length of the shadow of a vertical pole is
at its minimum. As, around the time of culmination, the length of the shadow is
changing only slightly it is better to determine the time of the shortest shadow
by the method connoted in the picture below:
1.. Put the vertical pole in the center of a suitably sized circle.
2.. Measure the two times at which the length of the shadow equals exactly
the radius of the circle.
3.. Than, the Sun has culminated exactly at the central time of these two
moments.
The direction to south determined in this way should be marked as exactly as
possible. It is the basis not only for position measurements on Earth but also
for precisely locating the Sun and determing the sideral time ( Project 2)!
The central angle which is, in this case, located not at the Earth's center but
at the axis of rotation, and the Earth's radius can than be calculated as shown
in the right picture above. The geographical latitude must be known.
In both cases, the distance between the observers along the Earth's surface must
be known. Usually, it will be taken, for instance, from a map. Nevertheless, it
would be more satisfying to determine that distance by an own trip but that is
possible only for short distances. But in that case, one has to measure the
length of the shadow very precisely.
If you use a pin hole instead of the tip of a stick it is possible to reduce the
error to about 0.1 degree. Than, you may be able to measure the distance by
bike: The angle belonging to a trip of 30 kilometers is about 0.25 degree.
Pinhole and pendulum serve as a vertical pole.
The pinhole generates an elliptic picture of the Sun whose center can be
located very precisely.
Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.gujaratplus.com/mypage/WelCOME_to_the_Board_of_Science_Group_Of_INDIA\
\_2004.html
http://www.gujaratplus.com/mypage/Welcome_to_the_Board_of_"_Kutch_Science_Founda\
tion_".html
http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of India
& kutch science foundation and ALSO JOIN US.
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Rainbows on Titan
Saturn's moon Titan is wet, according to the ESA's Huygens probe, but Titan's
"water" is not like Earth's.
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/25feb_titan2.htm?list577962
February 25, 2005: When the European Space Agency's Huygens probe visited
Saturn's moon Titan last month, the probe parachuted through humid clouds. It
photographed river channels and beaches and things that look like islands.
Finally, descending through swirling fog, Huygens landed in mud.
To make a long story short, Titan is wet.
Right: River channels and a shoreline on Titan. Credit: ESA Huygens probe.
[more]
Christian Huygens wouldn't have been a bit surprised. In 1698, three hundred
years before the Huygens probe left Earth, the Dutch astronomer wrote these
words:
"Since 'tis certain that Earth and Jupiter have their Water and Clouds, there
is no reason why the other Planets should be without them. I can't say that they
are exactly of the same nature with our Water; but that they should be liquid
their use requires, as their beauty does that they be clear. This Water of ours,
in Jupiter or Saturn, would be frozen up instantly by reason of the vast
distance of the Sun. Every Planet therefore must have its own Waters of such a
temper not liable to Frost."
Huygens discovered Titan in 1655, which is why the probe is named after him. In
those days, Titan was just a pinprick of light in a telescope. Huygens could not
see Titan's clouds, pregnant with rain, or Titan's hillsides, sculpted by
rushing liquids, but he had a fine imagination.
Titan's "water" is liquid methane, CH4, better known on Earth as natural gas.
Regular Earth-water, H2O, would be frozen solid on Titan where the surface
temperature is 290o F below zero. Methane, on the other hand, is a flowing
liquid, of "a temper not liable to Frost."
Jonathan Lunine, a professor at the University of Arizona, is a member of the
Huygens mission science team. He and his colleagues believe that Huygens landed
in the Titan-equivalent of Arizona, a mostly-dry area with brief but intense wet
seasons.
"The river channels near the Huygens probe look empty now," says Lunine, but
liquids have been there recently, he believes. Little rocks strewn around the
landing site are compelling: they're smooth and round like river rocks on Earth,
and "they sit in little depressions dug, apparently, by rushing fluids."
The source of all this wetness might be rain. Titan's atmosphere is "humid,"
meaning rich in methane. No one knows how often it rains, "but when it does,"
says Lunine, "the amount of vapor in the atmosphere is many times that in
Earth's atmosphere, so you could get very intense showers."
And maybe rainbows, too. "The ingredients you need for a rainbow are sunlight
and raindrops. Titan has both," says atmospheric optics expert Les Cowley.
Left: Sunlight + raindrops = rainbows. [more]
On Earth, rainbows form when sunlight bounces in and out of transparent water
droplets. Each droplet acts like a prism, spreading light into the familiar
spectrum of colors. On Titan, rainbows would form when sunlight bounces in and
out of methane droplets, which, like water droplets, are transparent.
"Their beauty [requires] that they be clear...."
"A methane rainbow would be larger than a water rainbow," notes Cowley, "with a
primary radius of at least 49o for methane vs 42.5o for water. This is because
the index of refraction of liquid methane (1.29) differs from that of water
(1.33)." The order of colors, however, would be the same: blue on the inside and
red on the outside, with an overall hint of orange caused by Titan's orange sky.
One problem: Rainbows need direct sunlight, but Titan's skies are very hazy.
"Visible rainbows on Titan might be rare," says Cowley. On the other hand,
infrared rainbows might be common.
Atmospheric scientist Bob West of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory explains:
"Titan's atmosphere is mostly clear at infrared wavelengths. That's why the
Cassini spacecraft uses an infrared camera to photograph Titan." Infrared
sunbeams would have little trouble penetrating the murky air and making
rainbows. The best way to see them: infrared "night vision" goggles.
Below: An infrared rainbow on Earth, photographed by Prof. Robert Greenler.
Reference: Science 173,1231 (1971). "A rainbow on Titan might look like this,"
notes Les Cowley. "It would be larger than the visible methane 'bow' with a
radius slightly more than 49-52 degrees."
All this talk of rain and rainbows and mud makes liquid methane sound a lot like
ordinary water. It's not. Consider the following:
The density of liquid methane is only about half the density of water. This is
something, say, a boat builder on Titan would need to take into account. Boats
float when they're less dense than the liquid beneath them. A Titan-boat would
need to be extra lightweight to float in a liquid methane sea. (It's not as
crazy as it sounds. Future explorers will want to visit Titan and boats could be
a good way to get around.)
Liquid methane also has low viscosity (or "gooiness") and low surface tension.
See the table below. Surface tension is what gives water its rubbery skin and,
on Earth, lets water bugs skitter across ponds. A water bug on Titan would
promptly sink into a pond of flimsy methane. On the bright side, Titan's low
gravity, only one-seventh Earth gravity, might allow the creature climb back out
again.
Physical Data: Liquid methane vs liquid water liquid water liquid methane
methane/water ref.
density 1 g/cc 0.45 g/cc 0.45 #1
surface tension 70 dyne/cm 17 dyne/cm
0.24
#2
viscosity 1.54 cP 0.184 cP 0.12 #1
index of refraction 1.33 1.286 0.97 #3
Sources: (#1) NIST Chemistry Webbook. Reference temperature: 40o F for water,
-290o F for methane. Reference pressure 1.5 atm; (#2) AIChE Journal, Volume 42,
No. 5, pp. 1425-1433, May 1996; (#3) Les Cowley.
Back to boats: Propellers turning in methane would need to be extra-wide to
"grab" enough of the thin fluid for propulsion. They'd also have to be made of
special materials resistant to cracking at cryogenic temperatures.
And watch out for those waves! European scientists John Zarnecki and Nadeem
Ghafoor have calculated what methane waves on Titan might be like: seven times
taller than typical Earth-waves (mainly because of Titan's low gravity) and
three times slower, "giving surfers a wild ride," says Ghafoor.
Last but not least, liquid methane is flammable. Titan doesn't catch fire
because the atmosphere contains so little oxygen--a key ingredient for
combustion. If explorers visit Titan one day they'll have to be careful with
their oxygen tanks and resist the urge to douse fires with "water."
Infrared rainbows, towering waves, seas beckoning to sailors. Huygens saw none
of these things before it plopped down in the mud. Do they really exist?
"...there is no reason why the other Planets should be without them."
Forwarded By Yours : Dr. BHUDIA.- Science Group Of INDIA.
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
Just click on web page: http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Mars pictures reveal frozen sea http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4285119.stm
A huge, frozen sea lies just below the surface of Mars, a team of European
scientists has announced.
Their assessment is based on pictures of the planet's near-equatorial Elysium
region that show plated and rutted features across an area 800 by 900km.
The team think a catastrophic event flooded the landscape five million years ago
and then froze out.
They tell a forthcoming edition of Nature magazine that sediments covered the
ice, locking it in place.
Large reserves of water-ice are known to be held at the poles on Mars but if
this discovery is confirmed by follow-up observations, it would be a first for a
region at such a low latitude.
Dust covering
"It's been predicted for a long time that you should find water close to the
surface of Mars near the equator," Jan-Peter Muller, from University College
London, UK, said.
What we'd like is for the European Space Agency (Esa), with UK support, to
send its next lander there
Jan-Peter Muller, University College London
"This is an area where there are a lot of river features but no-one has ever
seen a sea before, and certainly no-one has ever seen pack ice before," he told
the BBC News website.
The interpretation is based on images taken by the High Resolution Stereo Camera
on Europe's Mars Express spacecraft. These show extensive fields of large, platy
features - reminiscent of the fractured ice floes found in polar regions on
Earth.
Finding exposed ice at the equator would be unlikely. Very low pressures on the
planet would lead to sublimation - the ice would erode over time straight to
water vapour.
But the research group, led by John Murray, from the Open University, UK, tells
Nature that a crust of dust and volcanic ash, perhaps just a few centimetres
thick, has prevented this happening.
"The story runs that water flowed in some kind of massive catastrophic event;
pack ice formed on top of that water and broke up, and then the whole thing
froze rigid," explains Professor Muller.
"Large amounts of dust then fell over that area. The dust fell through the water
and on top of the pack ice, which explains why the pack ice is a different hue
to the area around it."
Feeder channels
The water that formed the sea in the southern Elysium, five degree north of the
equator, appears to have originated beneath the surface of Mars, erupting from a
series of fractures known as the Cerberus Fossae.
Many of the features seen by Mars Express have also been pictured by the Mars
Orbiter Camera on the US Mars Global Surveyor probe.
The plates have the look of fractured ice floes on Earth
Further data is now required to support the initial observations but already
other scientists think the interpretation is reasonable.
"I think it's fairly plausible," commented Michael Carr, an expert on Martian
water at the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, who was not part of
the team.
He told New Scientist magazine that a past water source north of the Elysium
plates had previously been suspected.
"We know where the water came from... You can trace the valleys carved by water
down to this area."
Mars Express has now been in orbit around the Red Planet for a year.
It has already confirmed US observations that substantial water-ice lies at the
poles, on its own and mixed with carbon dioxide ice and dirt.
Lander target
The probe will soon deploy its Marsis (Mars Advance Radar for Subsurface and
Ionospheric Sounding) instrument, which has been designed to find the planet's
subterranean permafrost.
This underground ice is thought to be the major reservoir for water on Mars
today.
However, the way the instrument is set up means it may not be able to see the
Elysium sea because it is simply too near the surface. Only if the ice mass
extends down many tens of metres will it be able to detect the sea-bottom
boundary.
The presence of so much recent (in the geological timeframe) liquid water will
excite the speculation that life could have thrived in this area.
"The fact that there have been warm and wet places beneath the surface of Mars
since before life began on Earth, and that some are probably still there, means
that there is a possibility that primitive micro-organisms survive on Mars
today," Professor Murray said.
"This mission has changed many of my long-held opinions about Mars - we now have
to go there and check it out."
Professor Muller added: "What we'd like is for the European Space Agency (Esa),
with UK support, to send its next lander there."
Details of the frozen sea were given at the Mars Express science conference,
taking place at Esa's European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), in
Noordwijk, the Netherlands.
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear Science and technology friends,
Using DNA To Build DRAMsPosted by Hemos on Wednesday February 19, @08:35AM
from the make-them-tiny dept.
http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=18308014
SailorBob writes "A research team at the University of Minnesota has
demonstrated a technique using DNA crystals to build 20 angstrom 1 bit single
electron memory cells. The researchers claim that this technique could be used
to build memory with a 10 trillion bits/cm2 density, which would mean a 6.4
Terabit DRAM."
http://www.economist.com/science/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3644254
Is the new Cell chip really as revolutionary as its proponents claim?
ANALOGIES are often drawn between the fields of computer science and biology.
The information-processing abilities of DNA are a form of natural molecular
computing, and computer viruses leap from machine to machine in ways reminiscent
of their disease-causing namesakes. At the International Solid-State Circuits
Conference in San Francisco this week, a trio of mighty information-technology
firms-Sony, Toshiba and IBM-pushed the analogy a little further. They unveiled a
much anticipated new computer chip, four years in the making, the very name of
which is a biological metaphor: the Cell.
As its name suggests, the Cell chip is designed to be used in large numbers to
do things that today's computers, most of which are primitive machines akin to
unicellular life-forms, cannot. Each Cell has as its "nucleus" a microprocessor
based on IBM's POWER architecture. This is the family of chips found inside
Apple's Power Mac G5 computers and IBM's powerful business machines. The Cell's
"cytoplasm" consists of eight "synergistic processing elements". These are
independent processors that have a deliberately minimalist design in order,
paradoxically, to maximise their performance.
A program running on a Cell consists of small chunks, each of which contains
both programming instructions and associated data. These chunks can be assigned
by the nucleus to particular synergistic processors inside its own Cell or, if
it is deemed faster to do so, sent to another Cell instead. Software chunks
running on one Cell can talk to chunks running on other Cells, and all have
access to a shared main memory. Since chunks of software are able to roam around
looking for the best place to be processed, the performance of a Cell-based
machine can be increased by adding more Cells, or by connecting several
Cell-based machines together.
All of this means that programs designed to run on Cell-based architecture
should be able to fly along at blistering speeds-and will run ever faster as
more Cells are made available. The prototype Cell being discussed this week runs
at 256 gigaflops (a flop-one "floating-point" operation per second-is a measure
of how fast a processor can perform the individual operations of digital
arithmetic that all computing ultimately boils down to). A speed of 256
gigaflops is around ten times the performance of the chips found in the fastest
desktop PCs today; the Cell is thus widely referred to as a "supercomputer on a
chip", which is an exaggeration, but not much of one. On the top500.org list of
the world's fastest computers, the bottom-ranked machine has a performance of
851 gigaflops. A machine based on only four Cell chips would easily outrank
this.
Hard cell
If you believe the hype, all this has other chipmakers-notably Intel, whose
Pentium series is the market leader-quaking in their boots. No doubt they are
nervous. After all Andy Grove, one of Intel's founders, called his most famous
book "Only the Paranoid Survive". But it is not yet clear that Cell will sweep
all before it. The reason is that existing programs have not been designed in
the chunky way required if they are to run on Cell-based machines-and rewriting
them would be a monumental task.
For the moment, that will not worry Cell's designers because the kinds of things
Cell chips are intended to be used for require specially designed software
anyway. Cell chips are well suited to processing streams of video and sound, and
for modelling the complex three-dimensional worlds of video games, so Cell's
debut will be in Sony's next-generation games console, the PlayStation 3, which
is expected to contain four of the beasts. Cell chips will also be ideal for use
inside consumer-electronics devices such as digital video-recorders and
high-definition televisions. Both Sony and Toshiba plan to use Cell chips in
such products. For its part, IBM is talking up the Cell's potential to power
supercomputers, the fastest of which, IBM's Blue Gene/L, consists of thousands
of special chips that are, in many ways, more primitive versions of Cell. Using
Cell chips instead would not, therefore, be a big stretch. And supercomputer
programmers, like video-game designers, do not mind learning to program an
entirely new machine provided it delivers the performance they are seeking.
If Cell did eventually break out of these specialist applications and into
general-purpose computers, Intel would have every right to be paranoid. But
Kevin Krewell, the editor of Microprocessor Report, an industry journal, sounds
a note of caution. The Cell is too power-hungry for handheld devices, and it
would need to have its mathematical functions tweaked to be really suitable for
use in supercomputers. The Cell is impressive, but, in Mr Krewell's view, "it is
no panacea for all those market segments". Similar claims to those now being
made for Cell were made in the past about the Sony/Toshiba chip called the
Emotion Engine, which lies at the heart of the PlayStation 2. This was also
supposed to be suitable for non-gaming uses. Yet the idea went nowhere, and the
company set up by Toshiba to promote other uses of the Emotion Engine was closed
down.
Extravagant claims were also made about the RISC, POWER and Transmeta
architectures, notes Dean McCarron, a chip analyst at Mercury Research in
Scottsdale, Arizona. These once-novel methods of chip design have done
respectably in specialist applications, but have not dethroned Intel as it was
suggested they might when they were launched. Yet both Mr McCarron and Mr
Krewell acknowledge that things could be different this time. As Mr McCarron
puts it, there are "more ingredients for success present than on previous
attempts". Intel was able to see off earlier pretenders to its throne by
increasing the performance of its Pentium chips, and by exploiting its economies
of scale as market leader. But in this case, the performance gap looks
insuperable, and Sony, Toshiba and IBM plan to exploit economies of scale of
their own.
Quite how revolutionary the Cell chip will turn out to be, then, remains to be
seen. And though it may not be an Intel killer, it could prevent that firm from
extending its dominance of the desktop into the living room.
Consumer-electronics devices, unlike desktop PCs, do not have to be compatible
with existing software. In that sense, the Cell does pose a threat to Intel,
which regards the "digital home" as a promising area for future growth. Stand
by, therefore, for another round of creative destruction in the field of
information technology. And no matter what the Cell does to the broader
computer-industry landscape, the virtual game-vistas it will conjure up are
certain to look fantastic.
From Yours : Dr. BHUDIA.- Science Group Of INDIA.
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
Just click on web page: http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear friend,
There are many ways to understand, I just been watching a programme by Plastic
surgeon - for a recent facial plastic surgery and she was after a 2500 year old
surgery explanation in "sushruta" saying that today plastic surgery using same
techniques said before 2500 years ago in sushruta.!! and also many non
understandable ayurveda and Homeopathy by allopathic practitioners.
But when Some one doe not understand that - will not recognise that and blame
some one is not OK . "NACH na aavat to Angan teda" just because not
understandable by some one. and also there is no point to explain else will look
like a "saying a Bhagavat in front of a - Bhens"
Similarly there are many ways to interprete difference science . if you are
ineterested in the topics give it a try. if it is out of understanding - please
just ignore it.
All Chapters (.zip file) Try Mathematica for Free - A free version of
Mathematica is available to read .nb files.
Preface ix
Chapter 1 The Foundations for a New Kind of Science 1
Chapter 2 The Crucial Experiment 23
Chapter 3 The World of Simple Programs 51
Chapter 4 Systems Based on Numbers 115
Chapter 5 Two Dimensions and Beyond 169
Chapter 6 Starting from Randomness 223
Chapter 7 Mechanisms in Programs and Nature 297
Chapter 8 Implications for Everyday Systems 363
Chapter 9 Fundamental Physics 433
Chapter 10 Processes of Perception and Analysis 547
Chapter 11 The Notion of Computation 637
Chapter 12 The Principle of Computational Equivalence 715
Notes 849
Chapter 9: Fundamental Physics
Section 1 The Problems of Physics 433
Section 2 The Notion of Reversibility 435
Section 3 Irreversibility and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 441
Section 4 Conserved Quantities and Continuum Phenomena 458
Section 5 Ultimate Models for the Universe 465
Section 6 The Nature of Space 472
Section 7 Space as a Network 475
Section 8 The Relationship of Space and Time 481
Section 9 Time and Causal Networks 486
Section 10 The Sequencing of Events in the Universe 497
Section 11 Uniqueness and Branching in Time 504
Section 12 Evolution of Networks 508
Section 13 Space, Time and Relativity 516
Section 14 Elementary Particles 525
Section 15 The Phenomenon of Gravity 530
Section 16 Quantum Phenomena 537
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear Manoj,
Thank you putting light on the subject that our astronomy and science member
facing. I understand your views and the situation is more or less same since I
was a school student. and if it remains same we feel very sorry for that. some
one has to give some contribution to solve this. may be the manufacturers reduce
the overhead- cost and retailer to cut some profiting margin. and some
contribution by science institutions memberships and our group contribution and
recommendations co-operations. may be the reason that till 2004 VENUS transit -
some were still searching for the right optics and so many could not give any
contribution to the groups at that time and really it was a good efforts from
Delhi planetarium and Delhi JANTAR MANTAR. but was a poor contribution on the
subject - approximately negligible from our members. I wish look forward that
the condition do improve and we get good response for next mercury transit
contribution in next year.
Dr Bhudia
--- In astronomyclubindia@yahoogroups.com, Manoj Pai <manojpai@y...> wrote:
> You are right Dr, Bhudia. But the catch is, SCTs and
> Maks are difficult to make one our own. Devdas
> Telescopes were the only ones who used to manufacture
> earlier. Prof. Dedvas has stopped due to age, the rest
> are not interested due to low returns.
>
> However, one might like to check the February 2005
> issue of Sky & Telescope. It contanins a fine article
> on making a folded Maksutov-Herschelian. What say
> folks?
>
> Manoj
> --- HPatel63 <hpatel63@h...> wrote:
>
> > Dear friends of Astronomy and Science,
> >
> > Sorry to say this but is it necessary to import all
> > this still now a days just to add the duties. can't
> > manufacturers do @ home? so where are we? read this
> > to compare which I wrote and send on message board
> > years ago during mercury transit time!
>
>
>
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
** Teenage kicks in **
A tiny 'kiss' could be the turn-on required to kick start puberty. Scientists
believe that the kisspeptin protein wakes reproductive hormones from their
childhood slumber, initiating the transition to adulthood.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4222323.stm
It takes a teen anywhere from one to six years to pass through puberty. Uncover
the dramatic changes that these much maligned individuals go through.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/lifecycle/teenagers/
Are teenagers lazy or is there a good reason for those lie-ins?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/articles/lifecycle/teenagers/sleep.s\
html
** Bats - echoes from the past **
One in five mammal species is a bat. New DNA evidence suggests that it was
ancient global warming that allowed them to evolve and refine their amazing
skills.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4213495.stm
As Bill Oddie finds bats in an English belfry, explore the dark world of New
Zealand bats, and how 'seeing with sound' lets them locate objects only a
millimetre wide.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/mammals/up_close/bat_index.shtml
For more on Bill Oddie's wildlife discoveries see TV & Radio Choices.
** Over the Moons **
Last month the Huygens probe touched down on Titan. Amazing images have revealed
an exotic world where liquid methane rain feeds rivers, lakes and springs. The
Sky at Night's Patrick Moore invites mission scientist Professor John Zarnecki
to discuss the latest news.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4193043.stm
Closer to home another European probe has also been snap-happy. Since
stabilising in orbit, Smart-1 has captured detailed close-ups of our own Moon,
beginning a quest to map the entire lunar surface.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4209995.stm
Read on for details of this month's The Sky at Night in TV & Radio Choices.
** Bill Oddie's How to Watch Wildlife **
Bill discovers bats and other hidden creatures in the heart of England.
Friday 4 February, 8.30pm BBC Two (Wednesday 9 February, 7.30pm BBC Two in
Wales)
** Countryfile and Landward **
These two sister programmes bring you weekly rural news, including how recent
storms in the Western Isles of Scotland freed hundreds of thousands of farmed
fish.
Sunday 6 February, 11.30am BBC One
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/environment/programmes/countryfile/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/tv/home/lifestyle/landward/
** The Sky at Night **
Patrick Moore talks to Professor John Zarnecki about the extraordinary results
from the Huygens probe's landing on Titan.
Monday 7 February, 1.30am BBC One (1.50am Northern Ireland, 2am Scotland) and
8.30pm BBC Four. Reshowing Saturday 12 February, 12.30pm BBC Two.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skyatnight/
** Making a Human Alien **
Sue Nelson explores how science could keep humans alive for long periods of
extraterrestrial space exploration.
Wednesday 9 February, 9pm Radio 4
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/
** Wildlife on One - Claw Wars **
David Attenborough brings the 31 year old series to a close. Crabs are the final
subject, itching to leave the sea and evolve new ways to claw their way across
the land.
Thursday 10 February, 7pm BBC One
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/blueplanet/factfiles.shtml
** Horizon - Neanderthal **
Was this brute of legend actually a thinking, feeling human being like us?
Experts dig for answers in the bones of a complete skeleton.
Thursday 10 February, 9pm BBC Two
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/cavemen/chronology/contentpage5.shtml
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear friends of science and maths,
It is not so simple to say just is that all !! or need parameters. one can
select those parameters x, y, z, and see the outcome and find out what
alteration needed to. there are many mathematical models for many questions, and
any model will not fit for all questions. this is just a guide to understand the
situation so it does not cover all strategic conditions in any ready made models
presented by any one. one has to choose what are the new possibilities in new
model and how will that alter the situation in new mathematical modelling. and
EARTH and SPACE is very complicated where we are still unaware of the new
conditions as we still do not know space completely.AND ANY WAY THIS IS NOT A
CASE FOR USING THOSE MODELLING BUT CREATING A MODEL WHICH CAN SUIT FOR SUCH.
THOUGH IT MAY BE EASY NOW A DAYS FOR A MATHEMATICIAN WITH ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE AND NEURO NETWORKING. now a days most of advanced companies do use
such model creating for their best performance and updates every strategy every
time to alter the model.
I am sure one day some one RAMANUJAN will be there to get such work done. we
just can point out the question to indicate and some one has to work of his/her
own. Some of formulas presented by mathematician RAMANUJAN himself are still
difficult to solve by computers and now interpreted by recent artificial
intelligence and neuro networking. we are happy we have such members who are
also working for BT for such a strategic consultation of those subject. we are
positive one day some one will benefit and will create another RAMANUJAN and we
aim to that.
wish you very good LUCK , keep trying. one can use RAMANUJAN mathematical
literatures if available localy as most of are stollen and are out of common
public approch.
Science group
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear friends of Astronomy, Science Maths and philosophy,
Many a times science has discussion of the theoretical parts of science which is
difficult to put in concrete proofs : but Mathematics' SAC theory does have some
explanations.
LET US see first a process of simple chemical process :- OXIDATION & REDUCTION
and using a SAC theory for the process.
1) in simple primary understanding OXIDATION / REDUCTION are process of some
thing combining with OXYGEN or a reverse the process. where a chemical element O
is required. Bur is that all? NO let us go step further in atomic level
exchanges.
A) as O has a -ve charge : and combines with a Positively charged elemental ion
- similar process happens every where in chemistry and Biochemical processes. SO
OXIDATION & REDUCTION can be explained as process of the combination of +ve &
-ve elementary ions, where OXYGEN is not there!!!
B) going further in sub atomic reactions :- During all the chemical process of
above atomic level reactions there are exchange of -ve charged sub atomic
particles. -ve charged ELECTRONs so it means OXIDATION & REDUCTION can further
be explained as Exchange of the -ve (electrons)/+ve (protons) electronic charge
during the process.
C) further break down of the subatomic particles OXIDATION & REDUCTION does not
need a exchange of -ve (electrons)/+ve (protons) - any -ve (charged sub
particle)/+ve (charged sub particle) can full fill the process at that sub
atomic level.
These theories were based on the basic mathematical SAC theory solutions of the
chemical process of the chemical reactions of the OXIDATION & REDUCTION. AS
actual presence of the element is not necessary for the reaction eg OXIDATION
without Oxygen O2. and all process of chemical reaction and biochemical
Metabolism process falls under the sub OXIDATION & REDUCTION process.
Going BACK to the subject of Space
1) SAC - SPACE is main SAC - includes Earth and all matter in the space, star,
dust and all.
2) SAC Earth is SUB SAC to Space SAC - which includes the Earth materials - ITS
ENERGY, LIFE on the Earth and its ENVIRONMENT and all we SEE/FEEL on the EARTH.
As in Chemical process of the OXIDATION & REDUCTION we seen level of Exchanges
of atomic and sub atomic exchange. here it may be a physical exchange of the
matter of any form of the Energy from the main SAC SPACE and sub SAC EARTH or a
visa versa.
Example 1) if a rocket fly from SUB SAC EARTH to the Main SAC of the SPACE - the
SAC theory says a PART of the SAC Space is occupied by the rocket from the SB
SAC EARTH. so Earth has used a part of Main SAC SPACE. - so Earth is utilising a
space. and part of the SPACE is dragged with the EARTH if Rocket remains in the
SPACE.
Going to next step deeper the process can be similar if an antimatter from the
main SAC SPACE arrives to EARTH SAC instead of MATTER (Rocket) going away from
the Earth.
OR say any form of Energy is driven out of the SAC EARTH to main SAC SPACE - eg
Heat loss of the Earth interior to the space or sound generated by the Earth to
the space. Earth vibration - EARTH SONG!! if the Earth vibration are created by
the Earth then that part of the Vibration energy is going to space using the
space than space is used by the Earth - so earth is taking Space with it while
it travel in the space.
Atmosphere loss in the SPACE by the Earth, or even further WE HAVE some thing
more than PANCH MAHABHOOT with us. AaTMA - LIFE part of the EARTHen life. that
is not a part of PANCH MAHABHOOT and so on the desolations of PANCH MAHABHOOT,
AaTMA does not stay in the Earth. should it be in the SPACE or utilise the MAIN
SAC SPACE while going from the Earthen LIFE? Does that use SPACE and SPACE is
dragged with the EARTH with loss of AaTMA from the EARTHen LIFE?
Previous mail : -
1) As we had some discussion of vibration created in the space by the Earth and
its movements. - what type of waves might those be? how those travel in the
space? does it need a medium to travel in the space - a theoretical medium? what
tune - frequency does it have? is it one of the tune of we know of (sa, re, ga,
ma, pa, dha, ni, sha?) or a different one? now that has become a subject of
Science philosophy.
2) Now a day science is getting a step closer to the more complicated
philosophical subject - "a space dragged by Earth while travel through the
space" !!! But how could that happen? how a space (Vacuum) - non mass can be
dragged behind the Earth. does the space has a MASS? & Gravitation to follow the
rules of Newtonian?
Veda has given some guidelines as every thing are made from only from PANCH
MAHABHOOT (five parts) even our body. It may be very difficult to understand
for who do not have basics of VEDAs but there are other ways to give
mathematical explanations for those.
A) Earth - Earthy elements - Biochemistry of the body and elements of the Earth
& naturally all body elements are from the Earth only and non Earthy elements
can not be there.
B) JAL - Water - fluid - main component of the body.
C) VAYU - GAS - all gaseous composition of the Boby generated in body and also
in Living respiration and decomposition process.
D) AGNI - FIRE - a process of Burning - respiration - digestion - metabolism and
all METABOLIC?ANABOLIC PROCESS OF THE LIFE and even cellular death - cellular
decomposition process after the clinical death.
E - 5 ) A AVKAaSh - AaKAaSH - VACUUM - How that can happen a space in side the
body? BODY does not have a SPACE Vacuum in any of ANATOMICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL
explanations !!
So what is the fact? Is the Medical science of ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY is correct or
the PHILOSOPHY of the Vedic BODY SCIENCE? and why today's Science is after the
theoretical explanations of SPACE DRAGGED BY THE EARTH and EARTH SONG theory of
vibration by the Earth in the space?
ALL this is just difficult of as there are no scientific way to prove those by
the science. but wait for a while there is another way for theoretical
explanations by mathematical theoretical explanation to show that that can be
that. - IF so then Is the VEDIC philosophical body science is correct? was
Rajnishjee was correct what he said 30 years ago when science was in dark?
LET US SEE in the next coming answers of the Mathematical explanatory
theoretical proof - soon after this - Just wait for this.
From Yours : Dr. BHUDIA.- Science Group Of INDIA.
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
Just click on web page: http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear Astronomy, maths, philoshophy and Science friends,
Many a times science has discussion of the theoretical parts of science which is
difficult to put in concrete proofs like as:
1) As we had some discussion of vibration created in the space by the Earth
and its movements. - what type of waves might those be? how those travel in the
space? does it need a medium to travel in the space - a theoretical medium? what
tune - frequency does it have? is it one of the tune of we know of (sa, re, ga,
ma, pa, dha, ni, sha?) or a different one? how we can get it recorded? now that
has become a subject of Science philosophy.
Surprisingly that was also told in a philosophical lectures BY Shree RAJNISHAJI
- few decades before when science was not aware of that fact, He gave that tune
the name as a "Song of the Earth in the space" created by the Earth rhythmic
movements in the space during the space travel.
2) Now a day science is getting a step closer to the more complicated
philosophical subject - "a space dragged by Earth while travel through the
space" !!! But how could that happen? how a space (Vacuum) - non mass can be
dragged behind the Earth. does the space has a MASS? & Gravitation to follow the
rules of Newtonian? but does that sound any better than the VEDIC philosophical
theory of PANCH MAHABHOOT (five parts) of which one is A AVKAaSh - AaKAaSH -
VACUUM ?
Veda has given some guidelines as every thing are made from only from PANCH
MAHABHOOT (five parts) even our body. It may be very difficult to understand
for who do not have basics of VEDAs but there are other ways to give
mathematical explanations for those.
A) Earth - Earthy elements - Biochemistry of the body and elements of the Earth
& naturally all body elements are from the Earth only and non Earthy elements
can not be there.
B) JAL - Water - fluid - main component of the body.
C) VAYU - GAS - all gaseous composition of the Boby generated in body and also
in Living respiration and decomposition process.
D) AGNI - FIRE - a process of Burning - respiration - digestion - metabolism and
all METABOLIC?ANABOLIC PROCESS OF THE LIFE and even cellular death - cellular
decomposition process after the clinical death.
E - 5 ) A AVKAaSh - AaKAaSH - VACUUM - How that can happen a space in side the
body? BODY does not have a SPACE Vacuum in any of ANATOMICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL
explanations !!
So what is the fact? Is the Medical science of ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY is correct or
the PHILOSOPHY of the Vedic BODY SCIENCE? and why today's Science is after the
theoretical explanations of SPACE DRAGGED BY THE EARTH and EARTH SONG theory of
vibration by the Earth in the space?
ALL this is just difficult of as there are no scientific way to prove those by
the science. but wait for a while there is another way for theoretical
explanations by mathematical theoretical explanation to show that that can be
that. - IF so then Is the VEDIC philosophical body science is correct? was
Rajnishjee was correct what he said 30 years ago when science was in dark?
LET US SEE in the next coming answers of the Mathematical explanatory
theoretical proof - soon after this - Just wait for this.
From Yours : Dr. BHUDIA.- Science Group Of INDIA.
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
Just click on web page: http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
http://www.carleton.ca/~tpatters/teaching/climatechange/culprits.html
1.. Canada Among Worst Greenhouse Gas Culprits
... Canada Among Worst Greenhouse Gas Culprits ... Canada is among the
countries represented in Bonn as negotiators try ... competitive in terms of our
polluting capabilities with the U.S. and ...
Canada is responsible for eight per cent of the growth in carbon dioxide
emissions among developed countries. The U.S. is responsible for 56 per cent of
it, Japan 21 per cent.
www.carleton.ca/~tpatters/teaching/climatechange/culprits.html - 5k - Cached -
More from this site
2.. http://www.natenergy.org.uk/co2mment.htm
There are three main reasons why some countries use more energy per person
than others:
a.. Climate
a.. The level of industrial development
a.. Energy taxes.
Carbon Dioxide emissions also depend on how electricity is generated.
Many people are aware that the USA is the world's largest producer of Carbon
Dioxide. This is partly because it has the highest material wealth in the world,
in total and on a per person basis. But it also suffers from a relatively
extreme continental climate, with bitterly cold winters away from the coast and
blisteringly hot summers. Much energy is used in heating and cooling buildings.
Americans are also famous for their love of the automobile. Petrol (gasoline)
is, by European standards, very cheap, and many American cities are widely
spread out, causing inhabitants to drive long distances to work or to shop.
It may be a surprise to see that Canada has a lower Carbon Dioxide output per
inhabitant, even though it is even colder than the USA. In part, this is due to
lower summer temperatures requiring less air-conditioning, but Canadians also
generate more electricity from non-polluting sources (hydro) and pay higher
taxes on petrol and have begun to impose high insulation standards on new
buildings.
After the USA, the two highest Carbon Dioxide emitters are Australia and Norway.
Australia is particularly hot, requiring cooling, and much of its electricity
comes from cheap opencast coal, which produces the most CO2 level per unit of
electricity. Norway is contrastingly cold, but also once had an extensive coal
industry.
If Norway is a high emitter, then Sweden is relatively low for an even colder
developed country. This too is largely due to its choice of fuel for electricity
- in Sweden's case a mix of hydro-electricity, biomass (from forest wastes,
often in combined heat and power schemes) and nuclear energy. 49% of Sweden's
electricity comes from renewable resources, and the Swedish government is
committed to increasing this to 60% as it phases out nuclear power over the next
few years. Swedes have also employed superb levels of insulation in buildings
since the 1930s, meaning that homes are snug and affordable in the very worst
winters.
France is another European country with a lower than expected Carbon Dioxide
output per person. The French climate is relatively temperate, but the real
reason is that around 70% of its electricity comes from nuclear power.
Looking across the rest of the world, two areas stand out: the Middle East, with
quite high emissions, and Africa with low ones. In the Middle East energy - oil
- is very cheap and temperatures are high year-round: this has led to rapid
growth in energy demand in recent years as buildings have benefited from
air-conditioning and people have started to make even quite short journeys in
air-conditioned vehicles.
In contrast, sub-Saharan Africa has many of the world's poorest countries,
including Chad, which boasts the lowest per capita emissions in the world.
Demand for energy remains low, despite the climate, and in rural areas much of
the energy used comes from burning wood. This has led to problems associated
with deforestation and desertification: if the environment is to be safeguarded
then, at least in the medium term, African CO2 emissions are likely to have to
rise.
And where does this leave Britain?
Our national emissions remain well above the world average, although not
dissimilar from much of Europe. Although they have fallen in recent years, this
has largely been as a result of a rapid change from coal to gas for electricity
generation. We could, and should, do a lot more to reduce our energy use and
encourage the development of truly renewable resources - only 1.7% of our
electricity comes from renewable energy.
The UK will only be able to reduce its Carbon Dioxide emissions is ordinary
people do their bit as well as Government. As an individual, there are a number
of things that you can do. For some ideas, why not look at how you can:
a.. Save energy at home and in the office
b.. Calculate your personal Carbon Dioxide emissions
Who's to blame? The role of the USA, Canada & Australia in undermining the Rio
agreements (PDF) ... The role of the USA, Canada. & Australia in ... waste to
cheaper, polluting disposal facilities in developing countries. ... treaty to
solve the problem of the worst organic pollutants ...
From Yours : Dr. BHUDIA.- Science Group Of INDIA.
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
Just click on web page: http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
From: kutchScience kutchScienceFoundation
Sent: Monday, December 27, 2004 12:13 PM
Dear Astronomy, Scienece and geologyfriends,
26/12/2005 Indonesian Earthquake and TSUNAMI (day of FULL MOON and Earth
towards near perihelion approaching to the closest approach to the SUN )
10/1/2005 Iran/BAM Earthquake -52 Boats missing in GULF (AMAVaSYA day & Earth
just passed perihelion the closest approach to the SUN )
24/1/2005 Indonesian Earthquake (day before FULL MOON and Earth just passed
near perihelion departing to the closest approach to the SUN )
Earth is near perihelion in Dec end ( 2nd Jan - perihelion) so gravitation is
greater on earth crust and magma also. and when Moon is near Full Moon
position/new moon position (so as to generate gravitation on Sea & Earthmagma in
opposite diractions), and when Moon close to EARTH as a combine gravitation of
EARTH and the SUN when orbits are near perihelion.
SUN is CLOSE to EARTH - True distance: 0.9834239 AU (147 million km) which is
near 2% closer than an AVERAGE distance.
Such occasions of calculated intense gravitations are actually dangerous
particularly in those circumstances of major tectonic activity periods. and so
will remain in position for at least a month till Earth will go further away
from the SUN. So coming time is also under gravitational forces and if any
tectonic activity if affected by the waves of last Earthquake waves in side the
Earth MAGMA and Crust bouncing will generate further affects in fortnight or a
Month's time. so worth keep an eye on the seismic activity around the world. and
also need to create the more science awareness about the TSUNAMI / MEGASUNAMI
when it is well known now then ever before.
Information about Sun for 26 Dec 2004 11:25:53
Geocentric Information : Declination: -23° 20' 40.43" - True distance: 0.9834239
AU (147 million km) - Radius vector: 0.9834568 AU (147 million km)
From Yours : Dr. BHUDIA.- Science Group Of INDIA.
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
Just click on web page: http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
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