Dear friends Of science and astronomy,

       India's eye in the sky
       Far away from public glare, a team of top-notch scientists are working at
building Astrosat, a unique observatory that will explore the invisible universe


          When Krishnaswamy Kast u r i r a n g a n walked into the auditorium at
the D.Y.Patil College of Engineering in Navi Mumbai a couple of years ago, the
chatter quickly gave way to hushed tones. It wasn't everyday the awestruck
audience got an opportunity to listen to the chief of the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO). His PowerPoint presentation started off as a routine one
and even managed to elicit a few yawns. Those familiar with India's space
programme knew all of it. And then, without a hint, he shifted gears and jaws
started to drop.
           On the drawing board, he said, were plans to launch a revolutionary
new space observatory. Called the Astrosat, it will weigh 1.6 tonnes and explore
deep space for five years. It will study the stars and other sources of high
radiation which will eventually help mankind understand the universe better.
When done, it will catapult India into an exclusive league of nations that have
the wherewithal to put something like this into space. The minute his
presentation was done, an overwhelmed audience mobbed him.
           Cut now to the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), a
60-minute drive from the auditorium where Kasturirangan first spoke on the
mission. Ensconced in its idyllic environment is P C Agarwal, a self-effacing
space scientist and now Astrosat's principal investigator. His excitement is
palpable. "When the Astrosat finally goes up, Indian astronomers can study the
invisible universe," he says. "Of course, the data we gather will be available
to astronomers from all over the world," he quickly adds.
           What he means by an invisible universe is fairly simple. Looking into
space from Earth is limited due to the filtering and distortion that occurs in
the atmosphere that envelopes our planet. But when you put an observatory into
space, above the atmosphere, you get around this problem.
           What makes the Astrosat even more unique is that unlike similar
missions put in place by countries like the US, Germany and Japan, this
satellite will cover multiple energy frequencies. "That will allow us to
understand what's going on in exotic stars like neutron stars, black holes and
active galaxies," Agarwal added.
           When the mission was being put in place, the scientists working on it
were clear that it would largely have to be an indigenous mission with most of
the instruments designed and fabricated in the country. To prove his point, he
takes me across his room to a mezzanine floor buzzing with activity. The first
thing the untrained eye catches is something that seems unusually large.
Apparently, it's what the scientists call a thermovac chamber. It simulates a
space-like environment and was built in Nashik, a six hour drive from Mumbai.
           Peep around a little more and you'll spot a cadmium zinc telluride
imager. Offers A R Rao, a scientist working on this mission rather helpfully,
"This is something we recently acquired from Israel. It can point energies from
X-rays very precisely." Incidentally, X-rays in the universe are sudden bursts
of energy from distant astronomical objects. "This instrument will help us study
objects in space a lot more deeply and holds the potential to revolutionise our
understanding of astronomy and physics," he adds.
           You don't have to look to hard to spot K P Singh, yet another
scientist on the project working intently. "I'm in charge of the soft X-Ray
imaging telescope. It's the first time we're attempting anything like this in
India," he says in a very matter-of-fact tone. When done, this instrument will
measure the energy X-rays emit. That will eventually help astronomers figure out
where in the universe it originated from.
           Work on various parts of the mission is in progress at other labs in
the country. This includes ISRO's Satellite Centre, the Indian Institute of
Astrophysics, the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, the Inter-University
Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, and Physical Research Laboratory,
Ahmedabad.
           Six months prior to the actual launch, all the various parts that have
to finally take flight will be dispatched to Bangalore. This is where it will
all be integrated with the satellite. Having done that, the satellite will be
transported to the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota near Chennai for
mating with a rocket before take off.
           The rocket will eventually take Astrosat to an altitude of 650
kilometres above Earth and deploy it on the intended mission. Having done that,
Astrosat will start transmitting the data to ISRO's telemetry and tracking
centre near Bangalore. The information collected here will then weave its way to
the Indian Science Data Centre for dissemination to various universities and
research centres for analysis. Now to keep your fingers crossed and wait until
2008.
       India's milestones in space
       1962: Indian National Committee for Space Research formed 1963: First
sounding rocket launched from TERLS 1975: First Indian Satellite, Aryabhata,
launched 1979: Bhaskara-1, an experimental satellite launched 1980: Second
experimental launch of SLV-3 Rohini 1982: INSAT-1A launched; deactivated later
1984: Rakesh Sharma became first Indian to reach space 1999: INSAT-2E, the last
satellite in the INSAT-2 series, launched 2001: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle-D1, the first developmental launch of GSLV with GSAT-1 onboard partially
successful


       Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
       http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
       President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
       Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
       Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
       kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
       http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
       http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
       http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
       http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
       http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
       http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
       Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
       Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends Of Science,

We feel pleasure to invite you to inform you. Our aim is to advance & promote
science, Maths awareness in Students, Education system and the public for their
benefits.
Congratulations to you all and wish you all the best for the starting the
activity for the science development for the local people of the Kutch. We are
pleased of the activity started by local people to encourage the science
activity in KUTCH for the people of Kutch in REGIONAL COMMUNITY SCIENCE CENTRE
IN KUTCH

We feel pleasure to invite you to witness the occasion of the inauguration of
Kutch's REGIONAL COMMUNITY SCIENCE CENTRE by ACHARYA CHANDANAJI OF VEERAYATAN

Venue:
101,Indraprastha, Sanskarnagar, Bhuj-370 001

Time: 05:00p.m

At this time, you will also be able to witness the glorious moments when The
Kutch's First Mini Planetarium begins to show the stars inside a small dome of
Mini Planetarium during the Sky Theater Programme entitled "Our Place In The
Universe"

Acharya Chandanaji will also perform the Bhoomipoojan of the Project of Science
Centre at Kutchmitra Park at 06.30 p.m

Respected Shri Kunwarjibhai Nanjibhai Kenia will preside  over both the
functions for the occasions in the presence of eminent citizens of Bhuj(Kutch)
and Shri Damjibhai Laljibhai Shah (Anchorwala)  (Eminent Industrialist and
Philanthropist) will be the Chief Guest

Date: Saturday, May6th, 2006 Time : 06:30 p.m
Venue:
Kutchmitra park, Bhuj-Mandvi Road Bhuj-370 001.

AKSHAY MALHOTRA
INDIAN PLANETARY SOCIETY

Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear Docs and friends of medics and science,

Probiotics may help ease gut disorders linked to long-term stress such as
Crohn's disease, research suggests.  @
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4938020.stm

Probiotics may ease gut disorders  Numerous probiotics are available



A team at Canada's McMaster University analysed gut tissue taken from rats put
in stressful situations. Animals fed drinking water containing probiotic
bacteria showed less signs that harmful bugs were mobilising to cause damage.
The gut study suggests probiotic bacteria literally crowd out their harmful
peers.

As we cannot always remove stress, it would be helpful if we could find new ways
to ameliorate its effects


Chronic stress is known to be implicated in the development of irritable bowel
syndrome and in the worsening of symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease, such as
Crohn's and ulcerative colitis. It also sensitises the gut, producing allergies
to certain foodstuffs. The researchers designed their experiements to try to
produce psychological stress in rats similar to that seen in humans. This was
done by placing the animals on small platforms surrounded by water. Half the
rats were fed drinking water containing probiotic bacteria in the form of
Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus for a period of seven days
before and during the stress sessions.

Sticky bacteria

Analysis showed that exposure to stress made the animals' guts 'leaky', and
increased the amount of potentially harmful bacteria sticking to the cells
lining the gut wall. Harmful bacteria were also detected in the mesenteric lymph
nodes, which drain fluid coming from the intestine, indicating that bacteria had
entered the body and activated the immune system. However, probiotic treatment
minimised the changes in chemical signalling and prevented bacterial
'stickiness' and movement to the mesenteric lymph nodes. The researchers believe
that probiotics probably compete for space with harmful bacteria, helping to
dampen down inflammatory responses. They say their use offers a potentially
promising approach to the management of intestinal problems caused by stress.

Professor Alastair Forbes, medical director of the digestive health charity Core
and an expert in gastroenterology at University College Hospital, London, said
the study presented a "reasonable hypothesis". He warned research on rats was a
long way from finding a similar effect in humans. But he said previous work had
shown that people who drank probiotics did not have a significantly raised total
level of bacteria - suggesting there might be some truth in the theory that good
and harmful bacteria might compete for space. However, he said it was possible
that probiotics also exerted some sort of biochemical effect on other bacteria.
"As we cannot always remove stress, it would be helpful if we could find new
ways to ameliorate its effects," he said.

Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear Docs and friends of medics and science,

Vaccines at birth a possibility Agents could be added to vaccines to boost the
immune response



A study has shown that vaccinating newborn babies might be possible.

Currently, most immunisations are given to babies at two months of age because
they are unable to mount an immune response to the majority of vaccines. But US
scientists have found a way to stimulate an immune response in newborns,
following the discovery of a type of molecule present at birth. The team,
writing in the journal Blood, say infant mortality could be reduced if babies
are vaccinated at birth. Newborn babies have an immature immune system. This,
coupled with their reduced response to most vaccines, leaves very young babies
vulnerable to infections. Dr Ofer Levy, lead researcher But immunologists from
the Children's Hospital, Boston, say they have found a molecule, called
Toll-like receptor 8, which could be stimulated to boost immune responses and
enablevaccination.

       We believe we have stumbled across the molecular holy grail of neonatal
immunology


First defence
Toll-like receptors, or TLRs, are found on the surface of certain types of white
blood cells, and are the first line of defence against infection. They detect
the presence of invading bacteria and viruses, and trigger the production of
cytokines, a type of protein, that cause other immune cells to mount a defence
against infection. Babies, like adults, have 10 kinds of TLRs, but unlike in
adults, most, when stimulated, do not trigger this kind of immune response.
This, according to the researchers, could be an evolutionary factor, whereby a
baby's immune system is inactivated during pregnancy so as to prevent attacking
its mother's.

However, the researchers discovered that one of the TLRs, TLR-8, was an
exception and could be stimulated by several compounds to produce an immune
response. Dr Ofer Levy, lead researcher on the study and an immunologist from
Harvard Medical School, said: "These are exactly the kinds of responses you need
to get good vaccine responses."

New vaccines

These compounds could perhaps given to babies alongside vaccines, he said, to
boost the neonatal vaccine response, thereby enabling vaccination of newborns.
"We believe we have stumbled across the molecular holy grail of neonatal
immunology." His team will now carry out further studies to test this
possibility in animals and eventually in babies. He said his findings could have
real practical benefits. "In the Western world we tend to vaccinate babies at
two, four and six months - this means that we leave a window of susceptibility,"
said Dr Levy. "If we could come up with a way to get the system to work at
birth, then you would close that window of susceptibility." From a global health
perspective, he said, there is evidence that babies in the developing world have
the highest rate of contact with the healthcare system at birth, compared to the
rest of their childhoods. "And if a vaccine could be given at birth, you will
achieve better vaccine coverage rates," he said.

But Adam Finn, professor of paediatrics from Bristol University, said it was too
early to say whether this research could change vaccination. "This is an
interesting observation about one aspect of a baby's immune system that appears
to work quite well and which could, theoretically, be exploited to make vaccines
more effective in the future," said Professor Finn. "But it is important to
remember that it is a preliminary observation."

Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear Docs, friends of Science and Medicine,

"Scientists adarakh Khake piche pade" LET US enjoy our ADARAKH TEA - Ginger may
fight ovarian cancer US scientists believe.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4876056.stm  (More going to back to traditions
and naturopathy and ayurveda)
University of Michigan researchers announced at the American Association of
Cancer Research that tests show ginger kills cancer cells. The study also found
that the spice had the added benefit of stopping the cells from becoming
resistant to treatment. But UK cancer experts said that, while ginger may in the
future form a basis of a new drug, more research was needed to corroborate the
findings. Ginger is already known to ease nausea and control inflammation, but
the findings by the US team offer cancer patients new hope. Researchers used
ginger powder, similar to that sold in shops, which they dissolved in a solution
and applied to ovarian cancer cells.

They found it caused the cells to die in all the tests done. But it was the way
in which the cells died which offered even more hope. The tests demonstrated two
types of death - apoptosis, which is essentially cell suicide, and autophagy, a
kind of self-digestion. Report author Rebecca Liu said: "Most ovarian cancer
patients develop recurrent disease that eventually becomes resistant to standard
chemotherapy, which is associated with apoptosis.

"If ginger can cause autophagic cell death in addition to apoptosis, it may
circumvent resistance to conventional chemotherapy." The researchers warned the
results were very preliminary and they plan to test whether they can obtain
similar results in animal studies.

Side-effects

But they added the appeal of ginger was that it would have virtually no
side-effects and would be easy to administer as a capsule. Henry Scowcroft,
science information officer for Cancer Research UK, said previous research had
shown that ginger extract can stop cancer cell growing so it was possible that
ginger could form the basis of a new drug.

But more work was needed before firm conclusions could be drawn, he added. "This
study doesn't mean that people should dash down to the supermarket and stockpile
ginger. "We still don't know whether ginger, in any form, can prevent or treat
cancers in animals or people."


Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of Science maths and astronomy,

Type mistake Correction Please read MOON instead Sun in sentence below in
previous mail / message to the groups -

Photographs to see if what was the angle of entrance and exit behind moon disk.
that may not be necessary from the middle of the sun but different place on
earth has different angles . so better the results are taken from similar
Latitude to compare.

Dr Bhudia


"Dr. Bhudia" <drbhudia@...> wrote:



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Hello Dear Shireen, wish you good luck for Physics  with Maths and for astronomy
for further learnings.

Welcome to write me and pleased to know your interests in astronomy and physics
and maths too , but I surprised to know that you did not put your question to
the astronomy groups? some one must be doing that work  - if not by them selves
must be using some internet use. did any one in group put the data on the group
message or did any one presented the method of calculation and actual results of
their calculations with their answers of figures? is any one does not know what
to do with the results they will be using the ready made forms available from
the internet source.

any way hope your maths is good and for a trigonometric calculation we need to
tale at least on base - knows either distance of the moon (which is changing
every time from mini to maxi) OR the diameter of the Moon/Earths diameter (ready
made or derived by actual reading of experimental results) when the sun is on
over head @ Local time on that longitude and latitudes. (eg On 21 June - on
23.5N at the local time of the Longitude and not the IST)

I have seen your results and realised your mistake as reading from 2-1  is not
near the reading 4-3 - so you have made mistakes in reading 3/4 as you say no 3.
similarly 3-1 is not near to 4-2  but still we may use 4-2 as reliable reading. 
to measure angle of the moon in the sky. eg say 0.53 degree approximate. and if
you know the distance of moon at that time you can find the Diameter of the MOON
or visa versa.

Also we need to take multiple readings for different places of the Earth as we
use that distance on the Earth as a triangle base to measure the angle with the
moon. or one can use their own reading for just to know the facts. but accuracy
is better with multiple source of readings or multiple readings at the place.

You also did not sent me any photographs to see if what was the angle of
entrance and exit behind moon disk. that may not be necessary from the middle of
the sun but different place on earth has different angles . so better the
results are taken from similar Latitude to compare.

From your results you can use one only and draw a circle of say 20cm diameter
and also use your photograph picture to adjust to 20 Cm diameter and print that
out for all contacts. and draw a line for points 1/2  - S to 3/4 F- measure that
length and time taken by moon to travel that distance. S to F SF.

Diameter you adjusted was 20 cm so compare the ration 20/SF. multiply by the
time for distance SF that will give you a time of the moon to move in space
equal to distance of diameter of the MOON.

SO what's the speed of the moon in the space (is changing from max to Min
according from the distance from the Earth and calculations) or use ready made
data sours as every one does as no one knows how to do that.

sample example - say moon distance is D and diameter is R so Moon travels 360
degrees around the Earth in about 28.5 days is about 2 pai R  = 2x3.14x300000 km
approx = 1884956 km in 28.5 days x24 hours x 3600 Sec = 2462400 sec so 1884956
Mk  / 2462400 s =speed of moon is 0.765495 km /s.

you calculate on your readings and compare from this - how long it took the time
in sec for 3-1/ or 4-2 and at that above speed the  distance travelled by moon
at that SF and what was the ratio of MOON diameter and SF and hope fully one can
calculate the approximate diameter of MOON at Moon Equator GOOD LUCK

from yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.

From: SHIREEN GANGAL
Sent: Sunday, April 16, 2006 7:19 PM
Subject: need your guidance sir...


Dear Sir

Well let me first introduce myself. I am Shireen Gangal. I live in Rasayani.its
about 55km from Mumbai. I am greatly interested in Astronomy. Also I am from the
same group as you are i.e. "astronomyclubindai." I have read few of your mails
to the group so thought to write to you.

To tell you more about me I have just given my 12th science exam. I am greatly
interested in physics and astrophysics and have decided to opt for career in
physics: may be B.Sc and further! I have a 5" reflector telescope taken from
Techno Vision System. I also have just bought digcam. Also I regularly visit
Vangani sky observation programs arranged by Khagol Mandal [if you know]
Regarding astro I had given only Olympiad last year and cleared first level but
could not go further for camp due lack of guidance. That's all about my
Astronomy!! Just a basic huge interest!!!

As you know there was occultation of Spica on 13th. I had synchronized my clock
with Abhay Deshpande Sir [u must be knowing him] I have taken the timings but I
don't know what to do further. I mean what's the use of occultation? I have
heard of some calculations to be done further for finding earth-moon distance
and moon diameter etc. I am eager to calculate something on the basis of my
timings!! Can you please guide me for the same?

These are my exact occultation timings:
First contact:             09:10:33 pm
Second contact:        09:11:04 pm
Third contact:            09:49:22pm
Fourth contact:          09:50:48 pm
To be frank I was not able to properly see the third contact and so not sure
about exact timing. It was the first time I observed the occultation so I was
searching for the star before third contact! Rest all timings are exact as per
my obs. I also took photos as Hrishikesh Joglekar sir told me that though star
is not visible in photo still for moon's alignment they are necessary. Then what
to do with those photos?

I would be highly obliged if you spare some time and guide me in solving my
"SMALL DOUBT"

Thank you,
Shireen.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Hello everyone
I have a question on earth sun system

Q. If the size of the sun is reduced to 9/10 its present size

1. By what factor will gravitational force vary?lease show the
required calculations.

2. What will be the changes on the orbit, semi-major axis, period
velocity etc of the earth?

3. What changes will the sun experience?

Thank u. expecting similar response.

    with regards,
  astro_vedant

Dear friends of Science and Astronomy,    Venus probe returns first images  @
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4907866.stm

The Virtis image shows a "vortex" over the south pole

Mariner 10 took this image of the north polar vortex in the 1970s

Europe's Venus Express probe has returned its first images since slipping into
orbit around our nearest planetary neighbour on Tuesday.
They show the hothouse planet's south pole from a distance of 206,452km. Mission
scientists are already intrigued by a dark "vortex" feature which can be clearly
seen in one image. Venus Express will orbit the planet for about 500 Earth days
to study its atmosphere, which is thought to have undergone runaway greenhouse
warming. Venus' dense, largely carbon dioxide, atmosphere acts as a blanket,
trapping incoming solar radiation to heat the surface to an average temperature
of 467C (872F) - hot enough to melt lead.
Polar vortex
Experts had previously suspected the south pole might have a vortex feature; a
vast vortex with an unusual double-eye feature has already been observed over
the planet's north pole. But the south polar region has scarcely been observed.
"We can see there is a twister here that is similar to that which we know from
the north pole," said mission scientist Horst Uwe Keller. Venus Express science
team members say they want to know how these vortices remain stable and where
they get their energy from. European Space Agency (Esa) officials said the
pictures were "surprisingly clear", with "unexpected detail".
They were captured on 12 April by the Virtis (Visible and Infrared Thermal
Imaging Spectrometer) and Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) instruments onboard, as
the spacecraft passed below the planet in an elliptical arc. The false-colour
Virtis composite image shows Venus' day side at left and night side at right,
and corresponds to a scale of 50km per pixel.
Night half
The spectacular night half was taken via an infrared filter and shows dynamic
spiral cloud structures in the lower atmosphere, around 55km in altitude. The
darker regions correspond to thicker cloud cover, while the brighter regions
correspond to thinner clouds. The smaller VMC image shows Venus at a scale of
150km per pixel and is also shown in false colour. It was imaged in the
ultraviolet part of the spectrum. Venus Express successfully executed a
50-minute main engine burn on Tuesday designed to slow its speed enough to be
captured by the planet's gravitational pull.  As the spacecraft tightens its
orbit in the coming months, scientists expect it to capture more detailed and
revealing images of the planet. Scientists hope to learn how Venus, which is
similar to Earth in size, mass and composition, evolved so differently over the
last 4.6 billion years.
The mission is the first to be sent to the planet in 15 years.

Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Hello everyone.
    I have the following questions regarding double star system

     1. Is it possible that both the star revolve in a common
circular   orbit. If no then why?

     2. When the required data is known how does one calculate the
velocities with which each star will move? Please show the required
calculations.

     3. Exactly which laws of physics govern the motion of double star
system. And how are they applied?

     4. I read that the stars have their centre of mass as one of
their focus. Can u please explain me the reason behind it.

     5. How is the conservation of energy and momentum principle
followed here?

     6. Is it possible that just as we have two star mutually
revolving, similarly we have 3,4,5 etc stars revolving around each
other?

    I would be obliged if anyone could answer these questions.

Thank you

     With regards,
astro_vedant

From: Kutch Science Foundation

Dear friends of Archaeology, Anthropology Geology and Palaeontology

Our team will visit kutch in this Sawan month to area of kutch villages and will
work out the plan with KUTCH ITIHAS PARISHAD, Department of Geology, and fonder
of the Bharatiya sanskruti Museum and museum curators.

We hope every one interested to participate and give their contribution to the
search of further ancient Archaological history - Saraswati civilisations in
Kutch -  and the geological fossil findings of KUTCH to our geological history
of Kutch. we will send all details with map on request who wish to participate -
contribute to the work

New Saraswati Civilisation found in ZURA (KOTADI) of KUTCH - Megalithic SAMADHIs
(Graves) of Zura Kotadi and potteries and bones and similar graves of strucures
like NAZKA structures with a shape of Human Body are also found in Jangadia near
Mad KOTADA.

Archaeologists are attracted to the places of the name with Kotada - kotadi
eithet it may be a Kotada - kotadi of Dholavira or kotada jadodar, Kotada
sangani, kotada Roha, Kotada Bhadli, Kotada mad, Kotada chakar or any kotada/
kotadi and also to the GADH eg GADHWARI WADI, Bajario GADH, Bajariyu Gaam,

GUJARAT (HARAPPAN PERIOD) DISTRICT: KUTCH

Chitrol 23.24N - 70.40E
Desalpur 23.29N - 69.10E
Dholvira (Kotadi) 23.58N - 70.12E
Gadhwaliwadi 23.30N - 69.03E
Gunthai 23.28N - 69.09E
Jatavadar 23.45N - 70.40E
Kanthkot 23.29N - 70.29E
Kerasi 23.40N - 70.44E
Khakhra Dera 23.34N - 70.29E
Khari-Ka-Khanda 23.27N - 70.19E
Khedoi 23.03N - 69.57E
Kotada Bhadli 1 23.22N - 69.26E
Kotada Bhadli 2 23.22N - 69.26E
Kotada 23.17N - 70.06E
Kotadi 23.58N - 70.12E
Kotara-Juni-Karan 24.00N - 69.45E
Lakhapar 23.33N - 70.28E
Lakhpat 23.50N - 68.47E
Morvo 23.50N - 70.42E
Narapa 23.34N - 69.05E
Nenu-Ni-Dhar 23.51N - 69.44E
Pirwada 23.20N - 70.00E
Pabunath 23.38N - 70.31E
Rampara (Vekera No Timbo) 23.30N - 70.45E
Ramvav 23.32N - 70.28E
Samaghoga 22.55N - 69.40E
Selari 22.42N - 70.37E
Surkotada 23.37N - 70.50E
Todio 23.05N - 69.55E
Vada 23.34N - 69.03E

We were on the tour for geo- archaeological expedition of different areas of the
Kutch. We seen many fossil sites near this areas, Near Matana Mad and Murchaban
is MadKotada (Harappan Brick foundation) visiting the site we found the ancient
brick foundation which is not today's tradition. such a square bricks were used
in harappan time. so we decided to have a close look and we found the surprising
results.

Satellite Map Of the Area of rivers of MATANOMAD, MAD KOTADA and MURCHABAN
(Harappan Brick foundation found) near MAD KOTADA and MURCHABAN

About RamVAV
http://uk.search.yahoo.com/search?p=ramvav+sarasvati+civilisation&ei=UTF-8&fr=fp\
-tab-web-t-1&fl=0&vc=&x=wrt&meta=vc%3D

About Lakhapar
http://uk.search.yahoo.com/search?p=+lakhapar+civilisation&ei=UTF-8&fr=fp-tab-we\
b-t-1&fl=0&vc=&x=wrt&meta=vc%3D

About KHEDOI
http://uk.search.yahoo.com/search?fr=fp-tab-web-t-1&ei=ISO-8859-1&p=khedoi+civil\
isation&meta=vc%3D

About Sukhpar
http://uk.search.yahoo.com/search?p=Sukhpar+civilisation&ei=UTF-8&fr=fp-tab-web-\
t-1&fl=0&vc=&x=wrt&meta=vc%3D

About Ramkungd@Bhuj
http://uk.search.yahoo.com/search?p=Ramkund@Bhuj&prssweb=Search&ei=UTF-8&fr=fp-t\
ab-web-t-1&fl=0&vc=&x=wrt&meta=vc%3D

Dear friends of Science and Geo- Archaeology,
NEWs @ http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gsa/20060407/guj/gujarat/news55.html
Generally believed that there were no Saraswati civilisations near BHUJ but the
belief was wrong and was proved by ETV news on 21 August 2005 on our Last geo-
Archaeological expeditions news. Hardpan Dam in Kutch near Bharasar has proved
that the suggested - THERE ARE TWO LOST CIVILISATION in the KHATROD RANGE of
Mountains and most probably new villages may be built over the old Civilisation
places.

Not only that RAMKUND of BHUJ is the Oldest Archaeological structure in BHUJ
city area. even older than BHUJ itself but that proves Bhuj was existing long
before establishment by JADEJAs, BHUJ has Sanskrit meaning of to Rule as well.
BHUJ= To Rule. so Jadeja just ruled that since their Establishment and TORAN was
tied at the gate of BHUJ. but Bhuj and RAMKUND  with temple of SUN in BHUJ was
existing.

Recently an underground building steps has been found underneath the newly
constructed sites to prove that old foundation is existing under the constructed
sites near Ramkund.

Plenty of Megalithic cultured Samadhies have been found North of BHUJ between
Jhura and Nokhania in mountain regions. Mochirai and Bajariyun Village has
ancient pottery and ancient china toys and 4000 years old graves  proving those
site an ancient civilisation and also near by banks of River ZADKO ZADKi ancient
river of the KUTCH. JANGANIA near MAD KOTADA has Nazka type structures of
Megalythic cultures and Graves.

We have found the GADH called BAJARIO GADH in Gadhwaliwadi 23.10N - 69.33E
1) Places (1) has disappeared  about 4-5miles = 7-8 Km north of Gadh 23.14N -
69.33E   (23.14-23.10 = 0.04 = 4.5 miles=7-8 km  distance north in mountain)
2) Places (2) has disappeared between BHUJ and NARANPAR 23.14N - 69.35E (69.35E
- 69.33E= 0.02 = 2.25 miles=4km  distance East in mountain)

Place (1) is likely to fall in area of BHARASAR village and southeast towards
the Mandvi approach road from Bharasar. or part of it may be under Bharasar
village itself which is about 7-8 km north of the Bajario gadh in GadhwariWadi.
and place of Dam in that area proves that theory of a Civilisation under that
area.



Place (2) is likely to fall in area of 4 Km east of that in the area of SADATA -
north of BHARAPAR in Khatrod range area which is North East of the Bajario GADH
in GadhWariWadi about 8 Kn North and 4 Km East.

Not only that in the area of the Rivers we have recorded a Megalithic round
samadhies (Megalithic culture in Khander wali wadi areas) near river Rudrani
east of Gadh area and Nagmati flowing to wards KERA SHIVa temple.


By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

BHUJ in Sanskrit Dictionary meaning No 4, BHUJ = to rule , Guard, protect,
Govern - Scaned Sanskrit dictionary page is atteched





[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of science and Geology,

Looking back to the records of the major earthquakes of Kutch the major
earthquake epicentre is on the move from the West to towards the East 68.6 ==>
  ==>70.0 ==>70.28, and possibly future epicentre may be more towards the east in
RAPAR vagad fault area as the recent moderate earthquake suggests that the 
Vagad fault is becoming Active.

Though many earthquake records are missing from the records e g. 1930s when
Pragmahel was damaged on New year day. and we need to keep the records to help
the check of the future epicentre.

Also the earthquake energy released has regular intervals too but difficult to
predict the time and also more difficult with out the record data. 2001 - 1956 =
45 years (9 x 5) and 1956 - 1819 = 137 is near to (9 x 5) x3. But we need more
data to do further work on it and so we need to keep our records updated.


       DATE  EPICENTRE  LOCATION  Major EQ MAGNITUDE
       Lat( Deg N )  Long( Deg E )
       1819 JUN 12 23.6  68.6  KUTCH,GUJARAT  8.0

       1956 JUL 21  23.3  70.0  ANJAR, GUJARAT  6.2

       2001 JAN 26  23.40  70.28  BHUJ , GUJARAT  7.9


Vagal Fault Activation recent Earthquakes
       2006 Mar 7  23.44 70.53 Rapar  Kutch,GUJARAT   5.5
       2006 Apr 6  23.45  70.42  Vagad  Kutch,GUJARAT  4.9
       2006 Apr 6  23.16  70.25  Kutch,GUJARAT  5.5



By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of Science and Geo- Archaeology,

NEWs @ http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gsa/20060407/guj/gujarat/news55.html
Generally believed that there were no Saraswati civilisations near BHUJ but the
belief was wrong and was proved by ETV news on 21 August 2005 on our Last geo-
Archaeological expeditions news. Hardpan Dam in Kutch near Bharasar has proved
that the suggested - THERE ARE TWO LOST CIVILISATION in the KHATROD RANGE of
Mountains and most probably new villages may be built over the old Civilisation
places.

Not only that RAMKUND of BHUJ is the Oldest Archaeological structure in BHUJ
city area. even older than BHUJ itself but that proves Bhuj was existing long
before establishment by JADEJAs, BHUJ has Sanskrit meaning of to Rule as well.
BHUJ= To Rule. so Jadeja just ruled that since their Establishment and TORAN was
tied at the gate of BHUJ. but Bhuj and RAMKUND  with temple of SUN in BHUJ was
existing.

Recently an underground building steps has been found underneath the newly
constructed sites to prove that old foundation is existing under the constructed
sites near Ramkund.

Plenty of Megalithic cultured Samadhies have been found North of BHUJ between
Jhura and Nokhania in mountain regions. Mochirai and Bajariyun Village has
ancient pottery and ancient china toys and 4000 years old graves  proving those
site an ancient civilisation and also near by banks of River ZADKO ZADKi ancient
river of the KUTCH. JANGANIA near MAD KOTADA has Nazka type structures of
Megalythic cultures and Graves.

We have found the GADH called BAJARIO GADH in Gadhwaliwadi 23.10N - 69.33E
1) Places (1) has disappeared  about 4-5miles = 7-8 Km north of Gadh 23.14N -
69.33E   (23.14-23.10 = 0.04 = 4.5 miles=7-8 km  distance north in mountain)
2) Places (2) has disappeared between BHUJ and NARANPAR 23.14N - 69.35E (69.35E
- 69.33E= 0.02 = 2.25 miles=4km  distance East in mountain)

Place (1) is likely to fall in area of BHARASAR village and southeast towards
the Mandvi approach road from Bharasar. or part of it may be under Bharasar
village itself which is about 7-8 km north of the Bajario gadh in GadhwariWadi.
and place of Dam in that area proves that theory of a Civilisation under that
area.



Place (2) is likely to fall in area of 4 Km east of that in the area of SADATA -
north of BHARAPAR in Khatrod range area which is North East of the Bajario GADH
in GadhWariWadi about 8 Kn North and 4 Km East.

Not only that in the area of the Rivers we have recorded a Megalithic round
samadhies (Megalithic culture in Khander wali wadi areas) near river Rudrani
east of Gadh area and Nagmati flowing to wards KERA SHIVa temple.


By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of Science, Isotope study, Astronomy Geology and Chemistry,
Carbon Dating has limitations of time as C14 has half-life of about only 5730
years samples  of up to 50000 years old e. g. only for archaeological and
Anthropological purpose can be carbon dated but not the fossils of Million
years. we need more longer Half life radio Isotopes for those fossil dating for
longer than a Million of years. so as for A meteor also and Ir - IRIDIUM has
very short half life too.

Kutch Crocodile (Crocodilion Crocodile ancestors) Fossils @ Bharatiya sanskriti
Darsan Museum@ BHUJ.
photography by Maulik Thacker Camera: Canon EOS - 350D Digital Rebel XT - lens,
canon 18-55 @ 16:09 IST dat 17/03/2006

Correnspondance with University of Florida and Florida Museum of Natural History
Crocodile Specialist Group
Sent: Tuesday, June 25, 2002 12:11 AM
From: "Perran Ross" <prosscsg@...>
To: "Kutch Science @ hotmail" <kutchscience@...>
Cc: <christopher-brochu@...>; "Madras Croc Bank"
<sthiru@...>; "romulus whitaker" <draco@...>

Dear Dr. Bhudia,
Thanks for your interesting preliminary report of crocodilian fossils from
Kutch.We would be interested to recieve additional details as your research on
this topic proceeds.Sincerely James Perran Ross Executive Officer Crocodile
Specialist Group



James Perran Ross
Executive Officer, Crocodile Specialist Group
Florida Museum of Natural History
Dickinson Hall, Box 117800
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
Phone 1 352 846 2566
fax 1 352 392 9367




INFORMATIONS SENT after 2001 Earthquake  findings At 05:08 PM 6/13/2002, you
wrote:
From: <mailto:kutchscience@...>Kutch Science

Sent: Saturday, October 27, 2001 10:32 AM



At 05:08 PM 6/13/2002, you wrote:
From: <mailto:kutchscience@...>Kutch Science
Sent: Saturday, October 27, 2001 10:32 AM
Subject: Crocodilians in KUTCH



Dear Science Friends,


I would like to  write YOU all of our expert GEOLOGIST, Archaeologists and
ANTHROPOLOGIST on the subject of the new Geological researches. WE have seen
fossils of "Crocodiles" in "GUNAWARI" at GANGESWAR Dome. Shree DAS surveyed
KUTCH for ONGC mission and on mining project for ONGC. He observed the
importance of KUTCH on geological science. some of the fossils he declared as
Mesozoic (Ammonites +208Mn years and some CROCODILES "cretaceous period" 140 Mn
years together at the same place with a VAST time difference of more than 65Mn
Years). Some experts are in favour of those DINO "Supercroc " are Prejurassic -
Triassic +200 Mn years rather  than "cretaceous period" 140 Mn years.What we are
thinking of the Fossils of the "crocodiles" are actually the ancestors
(10-12meters size and according to the wildlife expert David Attenborough
"Marine Dinosaurs") of the present time Crocodiles of 4 meter size. some
describes as "CROCODILIAN" ancestors of many species and that of crocodiles and
some explain as "Supercroc" "DINO". Those "sarcosuchus" ancestors of crocodiles
had protruding teeth and armoured plate and lifespan of more than 110 years
compared to 70 years of present life span of the crocodiles. Mesozoic Ammonites
+205Mn years and some CROCODILIANS of the  "cretaceous period of - JUNGLES IN
KUTCH" +140 Mn years together at the same place with a VAST time difference of
65Mn Years makes us to re-think about the time scale and to understand geology
of KUTCH, wildlife, environment, history and fossils history. Perhaps we need to
ask our expert geologist Shree DAS to visit KUTCH again and give us an expert
second opinion on the subject to support the New research of Kutch geology. I
think this time every one should consult such an experts who are in our touch
and known to us to give their advise for the benefit of the science of Geology.



Many of learners do make to mistakes and do not do the real test for specific
gravity and metallic characteristics in old collected samples. and they loose
the track  to identify those. and later on only Chemical analysis reveals the
truth and need for further specific analyses test for Ir -iridium and Fe Ni and
if any radioactivity if it persist after the long time as the only one isotope
of Ir - Iridium has the bit longer half life time. so also difficult to find the
actual information of the period except the following isotope only, In such a
case where identifications becomes difficult by Physical research laboratories 
those are sent for the further verification to the radio isotopes research labs
in Jaipur for Indian sample analysis.
       192mIr syn 241 y IT 0.155 192Ir


Carbon 14 slowly decays by changing back to nitrogen and so releases energy. A
ratio of carbon 14 to common carbon, is very similar in a leaf to that in an
animal's body, to that in the atmosphere.  But when a plant or animal dies, the
carbon 14 decays as time goes by.Carbon 14 dating cannot be used to date rocks,
but only on things that were once living. There are a number of factors which
alter the results of the carbon 14 method:  One is the differing amounts of
cosmic rays reaching the earth. Another is that the earth's magnetic field is
decreasing, which deflects cosmic rays.  Also, the Genesis flood would have
changed the carbon balance. The ratio before the flood had to be lower than what
it is now.Added to that, volcanoes give out a lot of CO2 which is very low on
carbon 14, & many Creationist researchers belief that there was a lot of
volcanic activity at the time of the flood.

In theory, anything over about 50,000 years old, should have no detectable
carbon 14 left. So if something has been dated by a different method, which
gives a date of millions of years old, and it contains carbon 14, then that is
good evidence for it not being that old. So the carbon-14 dating method can be
useful, provided these factors are taken into consideration.

Remember, a specimen older than 50,000 years old, should have so little carbon
14 that it won't be measurable. Evolutionists say that the youngest coal is
millions of years old, (and they say that most is 10's or 100's of millions of
years old).   But no source of coal has been found that completely lacks carbon
14. This seems to be an unsolvable mystery to evolutionists. ...if radiocarbon
is routinely present in coal, oil, graphite & diamonds, then the Earth cannot be
billions of years old..Furthermore, ice cores only yield chronologies of many
thousands of years by assuming the layering is due to annual cycles."

Earth Has plenty of Carbon Isotopes and may contaminate samples too. Phase two
fossils and so. Fossil wood found in "Upper Permian" rock was dated at 250 Ma
(Mega annum, million years) old still contained carbon 14!. "If nuclear decay
rates have not been constant in the past, then not only is radioisotopic dating
of rocks rendered useless, but many fundamental universal physical constants
would have been affected." Surely these things ought to cast doubt on us relying
on these dating techniques?

       Carbon 14 Dating Calculator

       To find the percent of Carbon 14 remaining after a given number of years,
type in the number of years and click on Calculate.

             Years C 14 halflife = 5730

             Carbon 14 left =  percent

       To find the years that have elapsed from how much Carbon 14 remains, type
in the C 14 percent and click on Calculate.

             Percent C 14 C 14 halflife = 5730

             Years =  +/-

       More about Carbon Dating


       In the 1940's Dr. Willard F. Libby invented carbon dating for which he
received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1960.

       Carbon dating has given archeologists a more accurate method by which they
can determine the age of ancient artifacts. The halflife of carbon 14 is 5730 ±
30 years, and the method of dating lies in trying to determine how much carbon
14 (the radioactive isotope of carbon) is present in the artifact and comparing
it to levels currently present in the atmosphere.

       Above is a graph that illustrates the relationship between how much Carbon
14 is left in a sample and how old it


Actually is Radiometric Dating?
These are methods that estimate the age of rocks by using the decay rates of
radioactive elements. For example; Potassium 40 decays to argon 40. Uranium 238
decays to lead 206 (via other elements like radium). Rubidium 87 decays to
strontium 87.


The original element (the 'parent') decays more and more to the second element
(the 'daughter'), so the older the rock the greater amount of 'daughter'
material is produced.  Each parent has an assumed half-life figure (in years), a
50% decay figure.  For Potassium 40, this is reckoned to be about 1.3 billion
years.


Forwarded By From Yours :- Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Total Solar Eclipse of the SUN 29 March 2006.

Dear friends of Science Astronomy,

Did any one have a snap of the original photograph which could capture grand
overall view, with Mercury and Venus visible during TSE 29 March 2006? To my
Surprise, every one enjoyed the TSE of 29 March 2006. but most of astronomers
forget or could not get the photographs could capture grand overall view and
Mercury and Venus visible during the TSE. Even BBC team and astronomers from
Patrick Moore team could not do that saying we could not get those. one of the
members of  Stockholm Amateur Astronomers (STAR) said as
"Three days after the total solar eclipse I returned to the roof of my hotel in
Side, Turkey, and sketched the south-southwest view towards the Mediterranean
where I and 21 other members of  Stockholm Amateur Astronomers (STAR) had gaped
at and taken pictures of the 3 minutes and 44 seconds of total eclipse. None of
my photographs could capture the grand overall view of the sketch, not to
mention the strange illumination of the landscape. But whereas my longest
photographic exposure was 11 seconds, the sketch took many hours to make. The
white dots are Mercury (nearest the sun)and Venus. "

From Yours :- Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/


http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of Science Astronomy and geo-astronomy,
Differentiations of meteor from rest of the mix-up stones - what's the truth?

Many a times we do make mistake to identify Meteors and igneous Lava rock.
either because of the lack of the knowledge or understanding. only the person
who collects the sample can put the light on the verification. eg Samples
collected form the regions of Lava stones, one has to be careful for selection
of the samples. as Lava stones are also having high density stones. also with
the shiny metallic appearance as well as some magnetic properties as well. and
if the Samples are very old than it really becomes difficult as the
radioactivity of the short half life elements of the meter loose their identity.
In such a case only physical properties like magnetic and metallic and specific
gravity gives the clue and chemical analysis  only reveals the truth.

Some one may make mistake by just looking it as an ordinary igneous stone but
that is really their mistake because of lake of knowledge and information. and
when NON-GEOLOGIST is likely to make the most mistake of the
identifications.Specific gravity higher than a  Lava stone and nearly equal to
that of Iron is a  good clue with its metallic property and magnetic
characteristics. (Team work with Geologist and Physicist - atomic researchers
with chemical analyst gives better results )

But when the Sample is collected from a Sediments area of the fossil formation
and where there are no trace of the igneous rocks  in that area. even a single
sample well collected is well identified as it completely differ from the rest
in appearance and physical characteristics as mentioned above.

Many of learners do make to mistakes and do not do the real test for specific
gravity and metallic characteristics in old collected samples. and they loose
the track  to identify those. and later on only Chemical analysis reveals the
truth and need for further specific analyses test for Ir -iridium and Fe Ni and
if any radioactivity if it persist after the long time as the only one isotope
of Ir - Iridium has the bit longer half life time. so also difficult to find the
actual iformation of the period except the following isotope only, In such a
case where identifications becomes difficult by Physical research laboratories 
those are sent for the further verification to the radio isotopes research labs
in Jaipur for Indian sample analysis.
       192mIr syn 241 y IT 0.155 192Ir


From Yours :- Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/


http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

From: KutchScience
To: bhujkutch ; bhuj ; kachchh ; scienceclubofindia ; kutchScience ;
venustransit2004 ; M.harting@... ; acairns@... ; mgthakkar ;
Science CITY GUJARAT ; kutchmitra ; news@rediff ; mail@gujaratindia ;
editor@... ; sandesh ; Vigyan Prasar ; Bharat News4Kutch

Dear friends of Science, Astronomy and Geology,

I was about to write in full details for the critics for the bottom mail but as
time restricted me. I decided to write at a later stage and as the week end
approaching for the holiday I decided to do it straight away. and also give more
details of the Metal Iridium and its role and plus and minus of all different
thinking and theories put forward with a scientific critic of the subject.

1) as it has been said that iridium may be the source of the terrestrials origin
as it has high concentration in Fallen meteors and comet derbies falling to the
Earth! that's it looks like and is partially true as well but may not be the
only fact. That element is also abundant deep in Earth but not in superficial
crust layers of the Earth. in volcanic ash and in Earths magma as in Deccan
traps IN THE regions of Western Ghats and also mountain hills of MP and Saputara
region of Gujarat and areas of Anjar and Lakhpat and Dahinsara Asambai regions.

Reason is that the Lava do contains the element in more concentration than those
of the superficial layers of earth crusts. also Volcanic ash due to eruption of
lava or volcanic ash has high concentration. More over the element is highly
non-reactive so water brings with to the water reservoirs and as water dries up
concentration increase in that sand of regimented layers of the dried reservoirs
as in Deccan trap of the Anjar Lake in KUTCH.  BUT ELEMENT IS MORE EASILY
DISSOLVED IN salted AREA THOUGH UN-DISSOLVED even in TRIPLE ACIDS. AND SO CHHARI
DHANDH AND HARUDI - NAREDI FORMATIONs of the DESERTed AREA OF KUTCH IS difficult
to measure the concentration though all fossilised evidences are explored and
confirmed.

2) terrestrials high concentration was mis-understood as the as the meteor of
comet pieces when get fire at high temperature in Earths atmosphere most of the
other elemental parts are burnt or oxidised and evaporated  and only heavy
metallic contents remains and as Iridium is highly non-reactive and with high
melting and boiling point it remain more or less and so comparative
concentration looks increase for iridium, but that not the true as only up to
now only those meteors are analysed which fall trough earths atmosphere, we need
to bring the original meteors from the space for true analysis. (RECENT STUDIES
SAYS WHOLE OF SOLAR SYSTEM AND ASTEROIDS  PLANETS INCLUDING EARTH ARE FORMED AT
THE SAME TIME 4.5BN YEARS AGO AND SO QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS REMAINED SAME AS IT
WAS BEFORE WHEN THEY WERE FORMED) Boiling point 4701 K(4428 °C, 8002 °F)

3) RADIOACTIVITY  as said below has very short period of half life  so also
difficult to find the actual formation period except the following isotopic only
192mIr syn 241 y IT 0.155 192Ir


4) High seismic and tectonic activity may erupt volcanic ash and lava eruptions.
and visa versa and that may happen when ever there are such a huge and multiple
chain reaction quansaquenses and last for longer stimulating one another.

Also read these following
   1.. Compositional studies on organic matter from iridium enriched Anjar
intertrappean sediments: Deccan volcanism and 
www.ucm.es/info/estratig/vol31/11shrivas.pdf -  Compositional studies on organic
matter from iridium enriched. Anjar intertrappean sediments: Deccan volcanism
and. palaeoenvironmental implications during the Cretaceous / Tertiary. boundary
... Deccan volcanism. Keywords: Deccan Traps, volcanism, Iridium, K-T boundary,
Anjar, Organic compounds ...
   2.. Geochemistry and magnetostratigraphy of Deccan ?ows at Anjar, Kutch     
www.ias.ac.in/epsci/jun2001/1351.pdf
   3.. High Iridium concentration of alkaline rocks of Deccan and implications to
K/T boundary      www.ias.ac.in/epsci/jun2001/1352.pdf
High Iridium concentration of alkaline rocks of Deccan. and implications to K/T
boundary. P N S h u k l a, N B h a n d a r i. , A n i r b a n D a s, A D S h u k
l a and J S R a y. Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India. ...
Keywords. Carbonatite; Deccan; iridium; alkaline rocks; K/T boundary; Anjar;
Amba Dongar ...
   4.. Journal of the Geological Society: Cretaceous age for Ir-rich deccan
intertrappean deposits: Palaeontological ... 
www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200003/ai_n8903145  ... anomalous
iridium levels in the Deccan volcano ... iridium spikes and a number of
fossiliferous levels, together with the location of this site in the Deccan
province, make the Anjar ...
   5.. Seismically constrained two 
www.iisc.ernet.in/academy/epsci/jun2001/absjun2001.html  analysis of nine Deccan
ow basalts at Anjar, Kutch, western India ... the least contaminated Deccan
basalt (Ambenali type). The Anjar basalts have iridium concentration ranging
between ...
   6.. Comments on No K/T boundary at Anjar, Gujarat, India: Evidence from
magnetic susceptibility and carbon isotopes'  
www.iisc.ernet.in/academy/epsci/dec2002/Esb1469a.pdf   ... zons. At Anjar, the
presence of iridium enrichment. in three ferruginous bands of intertrappean sedi
... istry and magnetostratigraphy of Deccan ?ows at Anjar, Kutch; Proc ...
Iridium
From the free encyclopedia
   This article is about the chemical element. For the communications satellite,
see Iridium (satellite).
             77 osmium ? iridium ? platinum
             Rh
             ?
             Ir
             ?
             Mt
                   periodic table


       General
       Name, Symbol, Number iridium, Ir, 77
       Chemical series transition metals
       Group, Period, Block 9, 6, d
       Appearance silvery white

       Atomic mass 192.217(3) g/mol
       Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2
       Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2
       Physical properties
       Phase solid
       Density (near r.t.) 22.65 g/cm³
       Liquid density at m.p. 19 g/cm³
       Melting point 2719 K
       (2446 °C, 4435 °F)
       Boiling point 4701 K
       (4428 °C, 8002 °F)
       Heat of fusion 41.12 kJ/mol
       Heat of vaporization 231.8 kJ/mol
       Heat capacity (25 °C) 25.10 J/(mol·K)
         Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
             at T/K 2713 2957 3252 3614 4069 4659

       Atomic properties
       Crystal structure cubic face centered
       Oxidation states 2, 3, 4, 6
       (mildly basic oxide)
       Electronegativity 2.20 (Pauling scale)
       Ionization energies 1st: 880 kJ/mol
       2nd: 1600 kJ/mol
       Atomic radius 135 pm
       Atomic radius (calc.) 180 pm
       Covalent radius 137 pm
       Miscellaneous
       Magnetic ordering no data
       Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 47.1 n?·m
       Thermal conductivity (300 K) 147 W/(m·K)
       Thermal expansion (25 °C) 6.4 µm/(m·K)
       Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 4825 m/s
       Young's modulus 528 GPa
       Shear modulus 210 GPa
       Bulk modulus 320 GPa
       Poisson ratio 0.26
       Mohs hardness 6.5
       Vickers hardness 1760 MPa
       Brinell hardness 1670 MPa
       CAS registry number 7439-88-5
       Notable isotopes
         Main article: Isotopes of iridium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
             189Ir syn 13.2 d ? 0.532 189Os
             190Ir syn 11.8 d ? 2.000 190Os
             191Ir 37.3% Ir is stable with 114 neutrons
             192Ir syn 73.83 d ? 1.460 192Pt
             ? 1.046 192Os
             192mIr syn 241 y IT 0.155 192Ir
             193Ir 62.7% Ir is stable with 116 neutrons
             194Ir syn 19.3 h ?< 2.247 194Pt
             195Ir syn 2.5 h ?< 1.120 195Pt


Iridium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ir and
atomic number 77. A dense, very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of
the platinum family, iridium is used in high strength alloys that can withstand
high temperatures and occurs in natural alloys with platinum or osmium. Iridium
is notable for being the most corrosion resistant element known and for its
association with the demise of the dinosaurs. It is used in high temperature
apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum.

       Contents


Notable characteristics
A platinum family metal, iridium is white, resembling platinum, but with a
slight yellowish cast. Due to its extreme hardness and brittle properties,
iridium is difficult to machine, form, or work. Iridium is the most
corrosion-resistant metal known. Iridium cannot be attacked by any acids or by
aqua regia, but it can be attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN.

The measured density of this element is only slightly lower than that of osmium,
which is therefore often listed as the heaviest element known. However,
calculations of density from the space lattice may produce more reliable data
for these elements than actual measurements and give a density of 22650 kg/m³
for iridium versus 22610 kg/m³ for osmium. Definitive selection between the two
is therefore not possible at this time.

[edit]
Applications
The principal use of iridium is as a hardening agent in platinum alloys. Other
uses:

   a.. For making crucibles and devices that require high temperatures.
   b.. Electrical contacts (notable example: Pt/Ir sparkplugs).
   c.. Osmium/iridium alloys are used for tipping fountain pen nibs and for
compass bearings.
   d.. Iridium is commonly used in complexes like Ir(mppy)3 and other complexes
in polymer LED technology to increase the efficiency from 25% to almost 100% due
to triplet harvesting.
   e.. Iridium is used as a catalyst for carbonylation of methanol to produce
acetic acid
At one time iridium, as an alloy with platinum, was used in bushing the vents of
heavy ordnance and, in a finely powdered condition (iridium black), for painting
porcelain black.

[edit]
History
Iridium was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in London, England along with
osmium in the dark-colored residue of dissolving crude platinum in aqua regia (a
mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid). The element was named after the Latin
word for rainbow (iris; iridium means "of rainbows") because many of its salts
are strongly colored.

An alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium was used in 1889 to construct the
standard metre bar and kilogram mass, kept by the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures near Paris. The metre bar was replaced as the definition of
the fundamental unit of length in 1960 (see krypton), but the kilogram prototype
is still the international standard of mass.

The KT event of 65 million years ago, marking the temporal border between the
Cretaceous and Tertiary eras of geological time, was identified by a thin
stratum of iridium-rich clay. A team led by Luis Alvarez (1980) proposed an
extraterrestrial origin for this iridium, attributing it to an asteroid or comet
impact near what is now Yucatan Peninsula. Their theory is widely accepted to
explain the demise of the dinosaurs. Dewey M. McLean and others argue that the
iridium may have been of volcanic origin instead. The Earth's core is rich in
iridium, and Piton de la Fournaise on Réunion, for example, is still releasing
iridium today.

[edit]
Occurrence
Iridium is found uncombined in nature with platinum and other platinum group
metals in alluvial deposits. Naturally occurring iridium alloys include
osmiridium and iridiosmium, both of which are mixtures of iridium and osmium. It
is recovered commercially as a by-product from nickel mining and processing.
Iridium is rare on Earth, but relatively common in meteorites.

[edit]
Isotopes
There are two natural isotopes of iridium, and many radioisotopes, the most
stable radioisotope being Ir-192 with a half-life of 73.83 days. Ir-192 beta
decays into platinum-192, while most of the other radioisotopes decay into
osmium.

[edit]
Precautions

Iridium foil
Iridium metal is mostly non-toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium
compounds should be considered highly toxic.


The essentials
         a.. Name: iridium
         b.. Symbol: Ir
         c.. Atomic number: 77
         d.. Atomic weight: 192.217 (3)
         e.. CAS Registry ID: 7439-88-5
      a.. Group number: 9
         b.. Group name: Precious metal or Platinum group metal
         c.. Period number: 6
         d.. Block: d-block


Here is a brief description of iridium.
   a.. Standard state: solid at 298 K
   b.. Colour: silvery white
   c.. Classification: Metallic
   d.. Availability:

iridium is available in many forms including foil, sheet, wire, "evaporation
slugs", powder, and sponge. Ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and
platinum together make up a group of elements referred to as the platinum group
metals (PGM). Small and large samples of iridium foil like this, as well as
wire, can be purchased via their web catalogue from Advent Research Materials
via their web catalogue.
The name iridium is appropriate, for its salts are highly coloured. Iridium is
white, similar to platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. It is very hard
and brittle, making it very hard to machine, form, or work. It is the most
corrosion resistant metal known, and was used in making the standard metre bar
of Paris, which is a 90% platinum-10% iridium alloy. This metre bar has since
been replaced as a fundamental unit of length (see Krypton).

Iridium is not attacked by any of the acids nor by aqua regia, but is attacked
by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN.

Isolation
Here is a brief summary of the isolation of iridium.
It would not normally be necessary to make a sample of iridium in the laboratory
as the metal is available, at a price, commercially. The industrial extraction
of iridium is complex as the metal occurs in ores mixed with other metals such
as rhodium, palladium, silver, platinum, and gold. Sometimes extraction of the
precious metals such as iridium, rhodium, platinum and palladium is the main
focus of a partiular industrial operation while in other cases it is a
byproduct. The extraction is complex because of the other metals present and
only worthwhile since iridium is useful as a specialist metal and is the basis
of some catalysts in industry.

Preliminary treatment of the ore or base metal byproduct is required to remove
silver, gold, palladium, and platinum. The residue is melted with sodium
bisulphate (NaHSO4) and the resulting mixture extracted with water to give a
solution containing rhodium sulphate, Rh2(SO4)3. The insoluble residue contains
the iridium. The residue is melted with Na2O2 and extracted into water to remove
ruthenium and osmium salts. The residue contains iridium oxide, IrO2.
Dissolution of the oxide in regia (a mixture of hydrochloric acid, HCl, and
nitric acid, HNO3) gives a solution containing pure (NH4)3IrCl6. Evaporation to
dryness and burning under hydrogen gas gives pure iridium.



Sent: Thursday, March 30, 2006 10:34 PM
Subject: What, then, created the worldwide iridium layer, if not a humongous
impact? EVERY ONE FORGETS SUCH A BIG THING on the world, the CREATION OF
HIMALAYA


Dear friends of Science, Astronomy and Geology,

What, then, created the worldwide iridium layer, if not a humongous impact?
EVERY ONE FORGETS SUCH A BIG THING on the world, the CREATION OF HIMALAYA!!!

During these period the world was  having a biggest and the most catastrophic
changes of the surface of the planet Earth. The greatest Mountain formation was
in process by Indo-Asian plate collision process. That's the newest born
mountain in the world and it never happened since after that. The Biggest
structure on the Earth surface was in process of formation and that process
takes long time  energy and many seismic and environmental changes to do such a
catastrophic to destroy every thing on the Earth.
  Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.

More Evidence Chicxulub Was Too Early

Boulder, Colo. - A new study of melted rock ejected far from the Yucatan's
Chicxulub impact crater bolsters the idea that the famed impact was too early to
have caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

A careful geochemical fingerprinting of glass spherules found in multiple layers
of sediments from northeast Mexico, Texas, Guatemala, Belize and Haiti all point
back to Chicxulub as their source. But the analysis places the impact at about
300,000 years before the infamous extinctions that mark the boundary between the
Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, a.k.a. the K-T boundary.

Using an array of electron microscopy techniques, Markus Harting of the
University of Utrecht in the Netherlands has found that chemical compositions of
the spherules all match what would be expected of rocks melted at the Chicxulub
impact. The spherules are now found in several layers because after they
originally hit the ground, they were "reworked" by erosion to create later
layers of sediments, he said. It's this reworking long after the impact that has
misplaced some of the spherules into sediments that, based on the fossils in the
same sediments, are misleadingly close to the K-T boundary.

Harting is scheduled to present his latest findings on Monday, 3 April Backbone
of the Americas-Patagonia to Alaska. The meeting is co-convened by the
Geological Society of America and the Asociación Geológica Argentina, with
collaboration of the Sociedad Geológica de Chile. The meeting takes place 3-7
April in Mendoza, Argentina.

"The whole story is that it's a single impact event," said Harting of his
analysis of the multiple spherule layers. In fact, the original spherule layer
is not particularly hard to make out, since its spherules are not as abraded and
damaged as those which were moved around and re-deposited in later, higher
sediments. Above these, and younger still, Harting has also identified the
famous layer of extraterrestrial iridium in sediments worldwide which was
originally touted as the smoking gun for an impact somewhere on Earth at the K-T
boundary.

"In most of the sections we found spherules we also found the iridium layer at
or near the K-T boundary," said Harting. "That makes the mismatch with Chicxulub
even more obvious."

The sediments from the region are also providing clues to what transpired during
those 300,000 years between the impact and the K-T boundary die-offs. "Nothing
happened between them," said Harting. "The K-T iridium layer is a totally
different event."

Disconnecting the Chicxulub impact from the K-T boundary also helps make sense
of some other oddities in the iridium layer. In the Gulf of Mexico, close to the
impact site, iridium is found at a weak concentration, just one part per
billion, says Harting. Yet farther away in Denmark, higher concentrations of
iridium are found. "This doesn't really make sense," he said, unless, of course,
the impact and iridium layer are not related.

All this begs the question: What, then, created the worldwide iridium layer, if
not a humongous impact? One possibility is that Earth and perhaps the entire
solar system was passing through a thick cloud of cosmic dust 65 million years
ago.

"You probably have a time when lots of meteorites are coming down and never
touching the ground," said Harting. Instead they burned up as "shooting stars,"
depositing their iridium in the atmosphere. There it was quickly rained out,
washed into lakes and oceans and buried in contemporary sediments.

Another burning question is whether the massive impact - which undoubtedly
occurred and was certainly catastrophic - is responsible for any extinction at
all. Maybe, answers Harting. There is the case of the ammonites, the once
ubiquitous nautilus-like sea creatures that died out at about the same time as
the Chicxulub impact and before the K-T boundary, he said.

But whether the impact was the ammonite killer is not at all clear, according to
Harting. Early models of the Chicxulub impact called on a "nuclear winter"
scenario, in which a dust-shrouded world went cold and plant life died away for
years, to cause mass extinctions. Yet sun-loving animals like crocodiles and
turtles appear to have glided right through without any ill effects. And that
is, perhaps the silver lining to Chicxulub's fall from the status of
most-massive-of-all-murderers: Even giant impacts aren't necessarily global
catastrophes.

WHEN & WHERE
Backbone of the Americas - Patagonia to Alaska
Centro de Congresos
Mendoza, Argentina
Monday, 3 April

View abstract at
http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/06boa/finalprogram/abstract_101180.htm

   a.. This material is not under embargo.
   b.. In articles published, please reference Backbone of the Americas -
Patagonia to Alaska, co-convened by the Geological Society of America and
Asociación Geológica Argentina, with collaboration of the Sociedad Geológica de
Chile.
   c.. GSA will not operate an onsite newsroom at the meeting. Journalists are
encouraged to contact presenters at their offices prior to or after the meeting.
   d.. For assistance during the meeting, contact Ann Cairns at GSA headquarters,
+1-303-357-1056 or acairns@...
CONTACTS
   Markus Harting
   Department of Earth Sciences
   Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4
   3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
   Phone: +31302535181
   E-mail: M.harting@...

IMAGES AVAILABLE
Click on photos for high-resolution images.

      Scanning Electron Microscope picture of isolated, and well preserved
Spherule from NE-Mexico (400 µm in diameter). [High-res file 402 KB]

      Thin-section of Spherule-bearing sediment of the original spherule layer
(NE-Mexico). Both, well rounded Spherules (center and upper left side;~400 µm in
diameter) as well as glass-shards (right- and lower center part) fresh
preserved, without any alteration features. [High-res file 2629 KB]



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of Science, Astronomy and Geology,

What, then, created the worldwide iridium layer, if not a humongous impact?
EVERY ONE FORGETS SUCH A BIG THING on the world, the CREATION OF HIMALAYA!!!

During these period the world was  having a biggest and the most catastrophic
changes of the surface of the planet Earth. The greatest Mountain formation was
in process by Indo-Asian plate collision process. That's the newest born
mountain in the world and it never happened since after that. The Biggest
structure on the Earth surface was in process of formation and that process
takes long time  energy and many seismic and environmental changes to do such a
catastrophic to destroy every thing on the Earth.
  Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.

More Evidence Chicxulub Was Too Early

Boulder, Colo. - A new study of melted rock ejected far from the Yucatan's
Chicxulub impact crater bolsters the idea that the famed impact was too early to
have caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

A careful geochemical fingerprinting of glass spherules found in multiple layers
of sediments from northeast Mexico, Texas, Guatemala, Belize and Haiti all point
back to Chicxulub as their source. But the analysis places the impact at about
300,000 years before the infamous extinctions that mark the boundary between the
Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, a.k.a. the K-T boundary.

Using an array of electron microscopy techniques, Markus Harting of the
University of Utrecht in the Netherlands has found that chemical compositions of
the spherules all match what would be expected of rocks melted at the Chicxulub
impact. The spherules are now found in several layers because after they
originally hit the ground, they were "reworked" by erosion to create later
layers of sediments, he said. It's this reworking long after the impact that has
misplaced some of the spherules into sediments that, based on the fossils in the
same sediments, are misleadingly close to the K-T boundary.

Harting is scheduled to present his latest findings on Monday, 3 April Backbone
of the Americas-Patagonia to Alaska. The meeting is co-convened by the
Geological Society of America and the Asociación Geológica Argentina, with
collaboration of the Sociedad Geológica de Chile. The meeting takes place 3-7
April in Mendoza, Argentina.

"The whole story is that it's a single impact event," said Harting of his
analysis of the multiple spherule layers. In fact, the original spherule layer
is not particularly hard to make out, since its spherules are not as abraded and
damaged as those which were moved around and re-deposited in later, higher
sediments. Above these, and younger still, Harting has also identified the
famous layer of extraterrestrial iridium in sediments worldwide which was
originally touted as the smoking gun for an impact somewhere on Earth at the K-T
boundary.

"In most of the sections we found spherules we also found the iridium layer at
or near the K-T boundary," said Harting. "That makes the mismatch with Chicxulub
even more obvious."

The sediments from the region are also providing clues to what transpired during
those 300,000 years between the impact and the K-T boundary die-offs. "Nothing
happened between them," said Harting. "The K-T iridium layer is a totally
different event."

Disconnecting the Chicxulub impact from the K-T boundary also helps make sense
of some other oddities in the iridium layer. In the Gulf of Mexico, close to the
impact site, iridium is found at a weak concentration, just one part per
billion, says Harting. Yet farther away in Denmark, higher concentrations of
iridium are found. "This doesn't really make sense," he said, unless, of course,
the impact and iridium layer are not related.

All this begs the question: What, then, created the worldwide iridium layer, if
not a humongous impact? One possibility is that Earth and perhaps the entire
solar system was passing through a thick cloud of cosmic dust 65 million years
ago.

"You probably have a time when lots of meteorites are coming down and never
touching the ground," said Harting. Instead they burned up as "shooting stars,"
depositing their iridium in the atmosphere. There it was quickly rained out,
washed into lakes and oceans and buried in contemporary sediments.

Another burning question is whether the massive impact - which undoubtedly
occurred and was certainly catastrophic - is responsible for any extinction at
all. Maybe, answers Harting. There is the case of the ammonites, the once
ubiquitous nautilus-like sea creatures that died out at about the same time as
the Chicxulub impact and before the K-T boundary, he said.

But whether the impact was the ammonite killer is not at all clear, according to
Harting. Early models of the Chicxulub impact called on a "nuclear winter"
scenario, in which a dust-shrouded world went cold and plant life died away for
years, to cause mass extinctions. Yet sun-loving animals like crocodiles and
turtles appear to have glided right through without any ill effects. And that
is, perhaps the silver lining to Chicxulub's fall from the status of
most-massive-of-all-murderers: Even giant impacts aren't necessarily global
catastrophes.

WHEN & WHERE
Backbone of the Americas - Patagonia to Alaska
Centro de Congresos
Mendoza, Argentina
Monday, 3 April

View abstract at
http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/06boa/finalprogram/abstract_101180.htm

   a.. This material is not under embargo.
   b.. In articles published, please reference Backbone of the Americas -
Patagonia to Alaska, co-convened by the Geological Society of America and
Asociación Geológica Argentina, with collaboration of the Sociedad Geológica de
Chile.
   c.. GSA will not operate an onsite newsroom at the meeting. Journalists are
encouraged to contact presenters at their offices prior to or after the meeting.
   d.. For assistance during the meeting, contact Ann Cairns at GSA headquarters,
+1-303-357-1056 or acairns@...
CONTACTS
   Markus Harting
   Department of Earth Sciences
   Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4
   3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
   Phone: +31302535181
   E-mail: M.harting@...

IMAGES AVAILABLE
Click on photos for high-resolution images.

      Scanning Electron Microscope picture of isolated, and well preserved
Spherule from NE-Mexico (400 µm in diameter). [High-res file 402 KB]

      Thin-section of Spherule-bearing sediment of the original spherule layer
(NE-Mexico). Both, well rounded Spherules (center and upper left side;~400 µm in
diameter) as well as glass-shards (right- and lower center part) fresh
preserved, without any alteration features. [High-res file 2629 KB]



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of  Astronomy and Science,

From: KutchScience    29 March 2006  @ Turkey

If the weather Permits at the time of the Total eclipse Planet Mercury and
Planet Venus will be visible anout an Eui-distance from the eclipse. as shown in
sky map below.

Events for Wednesday 29 Mar 2006

00:18 Mars sets
02:27 Jupiter transits the meridian
03:05 Saturn sets
03:39 Neptune rises
03:39 Venus rises
04:06 Start of astronomical twilight
04:42 Mercury rises
05:11 Start of civil twilight
05:34 Moon rises
05:38 Sun rises
07:34 Jupiter sets
08:58 Venus transits the meridian
09:08 Mars rises
10:23 Mercury transits the meridian
11:52 Moon transits the meridian
11:54 Sun transits the meridian
12:36 Saturn rises
14:17 Venus sets
16:03 Mercury sets
16:42 Mars transits the meridian
18:10 Sun sets
18:23 Moon sets
18:37 End of civil twilight
19:09 End of nautical twilight
19:42 End of astronomical twilight
19:48 Saturn transits the meridian
21:16 Jupiter rises


          Total Solar Eclipses 2006 @Turkey




Total eclipse of 2006 Mar 29

Site information

Latitude: 39° 55' 12" N

Longitude: 32° 49' 47" E

Height above sea level: 10 metres

Time zone: 2h ahead of UT

The eclipse is partial from this location.

Beginning of partial phaseTotal eclipse of 2006 Mar 29

Site information

Latitude: 39° 55' 12" N
Longitude: 32° 49' 47" E
Height above sea level: 10 metres
Time zone: 2h ahead of UT

The eclipse is partial from this location.

Beginning of partial phase

Time: 2006 Mar 29  11:45:02
Position angle of centre of Moon: 225.0°
Sun's altitude: 53.4°

Maximum eclipse

Time: 2006 Mar 29  13:02:05
Eclipse magnitude: 0.973
Ratio of Moon's to Sun's apparent size: 1.049
Position angle of centre of Moon: 138.7°
Sun's altitude: 50.3°

End of partial phase

Time: 2006 Mar 29  14:17:03
Position angle of centre of Moon: 52.9°
Sun's altitude: 41.2°

Forwarded With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

From: KutchScience    29 March 2006 is approching, any one visiting Turkey for
the solar eclipse at this location?
Sent: Tuesday, March 23 2006 10:50 PM


          Total Solar Eclipses 2006
            2006 March 29 Wednesday Total 105.2% 4m10.9s Partial:
               Eastern parts of Brazil, Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Africa, Asia

               Total:
               Brazil, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Libya, Egypt,
Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Kazakstan, (Mongolia)
            2006 September 22 Friday Annular 93.6% 7m04.2s Partial:
               South America, Atlantic Ocean, Western and Southern Africa,
Antarctica

               Annular:
               Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil



Click on a location on the map and see the solar eclipse at this location.
The following maps are directely linked to our astronomical online software
CalSKY and show the maximum eclipse phase for the solar eclipse you have
selected. Furthermore, the local circumstances are listed as well (attention:
times in Universal Time, UTC/GMT, if not otherwise noted). The icon shows an
example of what to expect.



Forwarded With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

From: Dr. Bhudia Kutch Science Foundation
To: bhujkutch ; bhuj ; kachchh ; kutchastronomersclub; kutchsciencefoundation ;
scienceclubofindia ; kutchScience ; Science CITY GUJARAT ; kutchmitra ;
news@rediff ; mail@gujaratindia ; editor@... ;  sandesh ;
thehindu@... ; Vigyan Prasar ; Bharat News4Kutch


       Scientists make 'bionic' muscles

       Scientists have developed artificial, super-strength muscles which are
powered by alcohol and hydrogen.
       And they could eventually be used to make more advanced prosthetic limbs,
say researchers at University of Texas.

       Writing in Science, they say these artificial muscles are 100 times more
powerful than the body's own.

       They said they could even be used in "exoskeletons" to give superhuman
strength to certain professions such as firefighters, soldiers and astronauts.

             The approach could transform the way complex mechanical systems were
built

             Dr John Madden, University of British Columbia

       Two types of muscle are being investigated by US researchers at the
Nanotech Institute at the University of Texas in Dallas, working with colleagues
from South Korea.

       Both release the chemical energy of fuels, such as hydrogen and alcohol,
while consuming oxygen.

       In effect they are replicating the first stage in "breathing" - by taking
in oxygen. The existing form of artificial muscles are driven by batteries.

       However, neither of the types developed by the Texan researchers resembles
a normal muscle - being made up of wires, cantilevers and glass bottles.

       'Mimicking nature'

       The most powerful type, "shorted fuel cell muscles" convert chemical
energy into heat, causing a special shape-memory metal alloy to contract.

       Turning down the heat allows the muscle to relax.

       Lab tests showed that these devices had a lifting strength more than 100
times that of normal skeletal muscle.

       Another kind of muscle being developed by the team converted chemical
energy into electrical energy which caused a material made from carbon nanotube
electrodes to bend.

       Dr John Madden, from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver,
Canada, writing in Science, said "the approach could transform the way complex
mechanical systems were built".

       He said the artificial muscles mimicked nature in a number of ways.

       "The muscle consumes oxygen and fuel that can be transported via a
circulation system; the muscle itself supports the chemical reaction that leads
to mechanical work; electrochemical circuits can act as nerves, controlling
actuation; some energy is stored locally in the muscle itself; and, like natural
muscle, the materials studied contract linearly."

       But he said the challenge now was to create a circulation system like that
of humans that replaces the wires in the artificial muscles.

       Dr Madden said pressures needed to be generated so that waste gases could
be produced, and the artificial muscles could truly be described as "breathing".




By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friend of The Science and Geology/Paleontology,



Thank you all who participated and helped towards the research of  Kutch Science
and Geology . Since last earthquake of Kutch in Jan 20006 we have accelerated
our geological research works in Kutch area. And we are proud that our work
comes with fruitful results. We have found parts of destroyed fossil of
crocodilians in April 2001in vanishing situation. So we invited all
Geologist/Paleontologists all over the world (Letter 4 at the bottom -October
27, 2001) to start research activity on this research. Lack of the
Paleontologists took longer to find the conclusive proofs.  We sent that report
on 6/13/2002 to James Perran Ross that time Executive Officer Crocodile
Specialist Group with a quick response (Letter 3 at the bottom June 25, 2002)



We further received news in 2002 from Pandhro Lignite mine that similar 9 Miter
Crocodilian skeleton fossil was dug out of the mine was about 90 million years
old so we forwarded details to all Geologist/Paleontologists to accelerate/
initiate all research in that field.



Recently team of scientists from the Earth sciences Roorkee in Uttaranchal, have
taken great step to wards the LAKHPAT - HARUDI formation near coal mine area.
And found a big 10 meter long crocodilian fossil in Village JULRAI near HARUIDI
giving the conclusive proofs of the work gong in the right direction.

Descriptions



The fossils belong to the same family of ancient reptiles whose remains have
been found in the region between India and Pakistan. The creature lived in the
Cretaceous period, which lasted from 144 to 65 million years ago. It was the
last period during which dinosaurs lived.

In a rare discovery a team from the earth sciences Roorkee in Uttaranchal, found
a 45 million-year-old fossil of a crocodile in Julrai village in Lakhpat taluka
of Kutch district. According to paleontologists, associate professor in the
department, the crocodile skull that the team found is about 70 cm long,
suggesting that the body must have been about eight to 10 meter long.  The rocks
from which this fossil was excavated were formed in what was then a swampy
environment. In the past couple of years, also discovered an assemblage of
fossil land mammals from a coal (lignite) mine at Pandhro in LAKHAPAT.

These fossils, between 52 and 55 million years old, have been discovered, the
collection includes distant ancestors of modern horses, humans, deer and cattle,
bats, insectivores and many more groups. The presence of animals related to
kangaroos in India approximately 52 million years ago".


1) Most recent reply



Dear Sir

The IUCN-SSC-Crocodile Specialist Group would like to publish the article on
"Crocodilians in KUTCH" in our quarterly CSG Newsletter.Are you able to
provide an English version?

Many thanks
Tom Dacey
CSG Executive Officer

2) Date: Sat, 4 Mar 2006 10:00:56 -0000 From: "Kutch Science Foundation"
<kutchsciencefoundation@...>
To: <gwebb@...>
Subject: Recent findings : Subject: Fw: Crocodilians  in  KUTCH!!!

From: KutchScience (Further developments and findings - One was in LAKHPAT Coal
Mine - PANADHRO and now Again in Naredi - Harudi formation)

To: "Perran Ross" <prosscsg@...>
Cc: <christopher-brochu@...>; "Madras Croc Bank"
<sthiru@...>; "romulus whitaker" <draco@...>

Sent: Friday, March 03, 2006 10:02 AM
Dear friends Of Science and geology,
GUJARATI news
http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gsa/20060303/guj/gujarat/news51.html 45
million year old giant crocodilian fossil in Kutch LAKAPAT

Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.





3) Sent: Tuesday, June 25, 2002 12:11 AM

From: "Perran Ross" <prosscsg@...>
To: "Kutch Science @ hotmail" <kutchscience@...>
Cc: <christopher-brochu@...>; "Madras Croc Bank"
<sthiru@...>; "romulus whitaker" <draco@...>

Dear Dr. Bhudia,
Thanks for your interesting preliminary report of crocodilian fossils from
Kutch.We would be interested to recieve additional details as your research on
this topic proceeds.Sincerely James Perran Ross Executive Officer Crocodile
Specialist Group



James Perran Ross
Executive Officer, Crocodile Specialist Group
Florida Museum of Natural History
Dickinson Hall, Box 117800
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
Phone 1 352 846 2566
fax 1 352 392 9367









4) At 05:08 PM 6/13/2002, you wrote:
From: <mailto:kutchscience@...>Kutch Science

Sent: Saturday, October 27, 2001 10:32 AM



At 05:08 PM 6/13/2002, you wrote:
From: <mailto:kutchscience@...>Kutch Science
Sent: Saturday, October 27, 2001 10:32 AM
Subject: Crocodilians in KUTCH



Dear Science Friends,


I would like to  write YOU all of our expert GEOLOGIST, Archaeologists and
ANTHROPOLOGIST on the subject of the new Geological researches. WE have seen
fossils of "Crocodiles" in "GUNAWARI" at GANGESWAR Dome. Shree DAS surveyed
KUTCH for ONGC mission and on mining project for ONGC. He observed the
importance of KUTCH on geological science. some of the fossils he declared as
Mesozoic (Ammonites +208Mn years and some CROCODILES "cretaceous period" 140 Mn
years together at the same place with a VAST time difference of more than 65Mn
Years). Some experts are in favour of those DINO "Supercroc " are Prejurassic -
Triassic +200 Mn years rather  than "cretaceous period" 140 Mn years.What we are
thinking of the Fossils of the "crocodiles" are actually the ancestors
(10-12meters size and according to the wildlife expert David Attenborough
"Marine Dinosaurs") of the present time Crocodiles of 4 meter size. some
describes as "CROCODILIAN" ancestors of many species and that of crocodiles and
some explain as "Supercroc" "DINO". Those "sarcosuchus" ancestors of crocodiles
had protruding teeth and armoured plate and lifespan of more than 110 years
compared to 70 years of present life span of the crocodiles. Mesozoic Ammonites
+205Mn years and some CROCODILIANS of the  "cretaceous period of - JUNGLES IN
KUTCH" +140 Mn years together at the same place with a VAST time difference of
65Mn Years makes us to re-think about the time scale and to understand geology
of KUTCH, wildlife, environment, history and fossils history. Perhaps we need to
ask our expert geologist Shree DAS to visit KUTCH again and give us an expert
second opinion on the subject to support the New research of Kutch geology. I
think this time every one should consult such an experts who are in our touch
and known to us to give their advise for
the benefit of the science of Geology.



By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.







[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of Science,

Sub:- WEATHER REPORT of BOMBAY on this week end Cricket MATCH - But when one
system says one thing and the other says some thing else - it becomes really
absolutely unbelievable.

Though we do agree that the weather predictions are difficult and we can not
come to conclusion that whether the Global warming/Or/ global deeming is turned
on. but we do feel weather to be warming - which one is turned on is yet to be
decided.

But when one system says one thing and the other says some thing else - it
becomes really absolutely unbelievable. One of BBC weather report says
temperature going to soar to 40C hot sunny in March this weekend in BOMBAY while
Yahoo weather just predicting normal 33C . WOW 7C difference? so what happen if
they predict such a vast difference in weather temperature? some day some one
will say Earth is going to be 55/60C in summer! ! ! some will not!

Any way that's not far and let's see what happens this weekend in BOMBAY -
Cricket match - if players can play well or get exhausted? or even more than
that. no one predicting rain as isobars are high to give sunshine. but better we
check radar report on Arabian sea what's going to be cooked there to cool down
BOMBAY.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/5day.shtml?world=0144





       Friday

       Sunrise 06:47 (IST)
       Sunset 18:49 (IST)  36°C 17°C 5  poor   1013   37

       Saturday

       Sunrise 06:46 (IST)
       Sunset 18:49 (IST)  38°C 19°C 7  very poor   1012   34

       Sunday

       Sunrise 06:45 (IST)
       Sunset 18:49 (IST)  40°C 20°C 9  poor   1012   27

http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/tenday/INXX0026?from=_top\
nav_business
             Fri
             Mar 17  Sunny
            31°/22° 10%
       31°C

             Sat
             Mar 18  Sunny
            32°/23° 0%
       32°C

             Sun
             Mar 19  Sunny
            33°/24° 0%
       33°C

             Mon
             Mar 20  Sunny
            33°/24° 0%
       33°C

             Tue
             Mar 21  Sunny
            33°/24° 0%
       33°C



By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends Of Science and Astronomy,

Comets are born of fire as well as ice, the first results from the US space
agency's (Nasa) Stardust mission show.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4801968.stm
  The first images of a comet particle were revealed last month

In January, Stardust's sample-return capsule landed in Utah, carrying over a
million tiny comet grains inside.  Some of these grains contain material that
formed at extremely high temperatures, scientists have found.  This is a
surprise. Comets formed in the cold, outer-reaches of the early Solar System,
and were never exposed to such extreme heating.  The Sun and the planets began
forming out of a gaseous cloud called the solar nebula about 4.6 billion years
ago.  This "accretion disc" consisted of a hot inner region and a cold outer
region where ice was able to survive.  The high-temperature minerals found in
the Stardust samples may have formed in the inner part, where temperatures
exceeded 1,000C.  But something must then have transported them out to the cold,
comet-forming region known as the Kuiper Belt.  "These are the hottest minerals
found in the coldest place, in the 'Siberia of the Solar System'," said Donald
Brownlee, chief scientist on the Stardust mission.  "When these grains formed,
they were incandescent - they were red or white hot."
Abundant samples

Details of the analysis were presented here at the Lunar and Planetary Science
Conference in Houston, Texas.  The Stardust spacecraft encountered Comet Wild-2
in January 2004. It swept up particles from the frozen body of ice and dust,
flying to within 240km (149 miles) of the comet's core, or nucleus. It then
released its sample-return capsule as it flew back to Earth at the beginning of
this year. The US-built capsule touched down in the Utah desert on 15 January.
They are the first cometary dust samples ever returned to Earth.  The
high-temperature minerals discovered in the Stardust samples are not oddities. 
They appear to be abundant, having been found in about one in four of the
particles examined so far.  One of these minerals known as forsterite, which
melts at 2,000C and condenses at 1,127C, has been detected in a comet before. 
But other minerals found in the Stardust samples resemble so-called
calcium-aluminium inclusions (CAIs), which form at even higher temperatures. 
"This raises as many questions as answers. We can't answer them all just yet,"
said Stardust co-investigator Dr Mike Zolensky.

Longer distances

There are two main possibilities currently being considered to explain the
finding.  If the high-temperature minerals formed at the centre of our solar
nebula, the molten droplets could have been blasted out to the cold outer region
by powerful magnetised jet called the X-wind.  "It's perhaps indicative that the
X-wind model is a good one," Caroline Smith, meteorite curator at the Natural
History Museum in London, told the BBC News website.  But it means that these
bursts must have carried the minerals much further distances than has previously
been suggested.  Alternatively, the minerals may have been formed in the hot
regions of other stars before finding their way into the solar nebula, where
they were incorporated into comets.  "These are fascinating possibilities," said
Dr Brownlee.  "In the lab, we can study these at atomic-level resolution and use
the chemical, mineralogical and isotopic properties."  He said that analysis of
the different isotopes, or forms, of elements in the mineral should resolve
where they originated.

Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear Docs and friends of Science,

Drugs Intensive therapy with statin drugs may not just stall deterioration of
the arteries but actually reverse it, research suggests.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4800772.stm


The build-up of fatty deposits inside the arteries - atherosclerosis - can
trigger cardiovascular disease.  An international study of 349 patients over two
years found high doses of a powerful new statin, rosuvastatin, could break down
the deposits.  Details were presented to an American College of Cardiology
meeting.  Cardiovascular disease kills 233,000 people a year in the UK, and an
estimated 16.7 million a year world-wide.  The fatty deposits inside arteries
can trigger problems by breaking off and blocking blood flow.  Dr Sarah Jarvis,
a London GP and member of the Royal College of General Practitioners, described
the results as "dramatically exciting".  She said: "We have a drug that can not
only halt the progression of the disease but, in the vast majority of patients,
it actually showed the disease regress."  Professor Peter Weissberg, medical
director of the British Heart Foundation, said the study was "important".  But
he said it was yet to be demonstrated that breaking down the fatty deposits
would actually mean fewer heart attacks.

Bad cholesterol

The study focused on patients with cardiovascular disease at centres in the US,
Canada, Europe and Australia.  They were given intensive treatment with
rosuvastatin, known commercially as Crestor, which, along with other statins,
was known to cut cholesterol levels. Patients received at least one 40mg pill of
the drug a day - most statins are more commonly used in doses of 10mg or
20mg/day.  Tests found that the drug cut levels of potentially damaging
LDL-cholesterol by about 50% and boosted levels of the beneficial HDL form by
around 15%.  As harmful cholesterol was reduced, build-ups of fatty deposits in
the patients' arteries also showed signs of a reduction.

After two years of treatment their thickness was reduced by 6.8% - and even more
so in particularly diseased parts of a blood vessel.  The research found almost
four out of five patients (78%) demonstrated some reduction in the level of
atherosclerosis.  The reductions were found to be greatest in the arteries with
the most severe disease.  Professor Weissberg said: "Previously it was thought
that statins saved lives by stabilising plaques - the build-up of fatty deposits
in the arteries - thereby preventing them from rupturing to cause a heart attack
or stroke.  "This study encouragingly seems to demonstrate a small but definite
regression of atherosclerotic plaques.  "However, this study wasn't designed to
test whether this treatment actually saves lives, so whilst the results sound
promising and are likely to translate into a better outcome for heart patients,
we still need further studies to confirm whether the regression demonstrated
translates to fewer heart attacks."

Safety concern

Rosuvastatin has previously been linked to a small number of cases of a muscle
wasting disease.  However, the drug was given a clean bill of health by the US
Food and Drug Administration last year.  A British Heart Foundation spokesman
said statins were extremely safe drugs.  However, he said it might not be
practical - or economically viable - to put large numbers of patients on a high
dose of one of the most potent forms of the drug.  Side effects are more likely
at higher doses of drug.  Rosemary Leonard, a London GP and medical broadcaster,
said: "These researchers used an incredibly high dose of a statin drug.  "There
have been warnings about using this high a dose, and GPs certainly don't start
with this high a dose."  The study, which was funded by AstraZeneca, the makers
of rosuvastatin, will be published in the Journal of the American Medical
Association in April.



Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends Of Science and Astronomy,

Planet hunters have discovered an icy "super-Earth" circling a distant star. 
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4801842.stm

International astronomers suspect it is a bare, icy, rocky world, much colder
than the Earth and 13 times its mass. The planet was spotted last April but
details have only just been revealed in a paper submitted to Astrophysical
Journal Letters. The extra-solar planet is one of a mere handful detected using
a novel technique called microlensing. The planet orbits a star about half as
big as our Sun, positioned some 9,000 light-years away. At -201C, it is one of
the coldest extra-solar planets to be discovered. Andrew Gould, professor of
astronomy at Ohio State University, US, was one of the first people to discover
it. He said the find has two main implications.
"First, this icy 'super-Earth' dominates the region around its star that in our
Solar System is populated by the gas-giant planets, Jupiter and Saturn," he
said. "We've never seen a system like this before because we've never had the
means to find them. "And second, these icy 'super-Earths' are pretty common.
Roughly, 35% of all stars have them."

Brightening effect

Professor Gould is leader of the Microlensing Follow-up Network (MicroFUN)
collaboration. It is one of several international groups looking for Earth-like
planets in planetary systems other than our own using the phenomenon called
gravitational microlensing. The technique is an indirect way of obtaining
information about large celestial objects that are too dim to see. When a
massive object such as a star crosses the path of a background star, it acts
like a powerful lens, gravitationally bending and magnifying the light rays from
the more distant star.  The object's gravity amplifies the starlight, causing it
to brighten as the body passes in front of the star. This can be observed by
telescopes on Earth as a brightening and fading effect, as the lens star floats
across the face of the background star.

Neptune-mass

Clues to the presence of the planet were first seen last April by a Polish
astronomy project led by Professor Andrzej Udalski from Warsaw University.  When
Gould and Udalski realised the star was brightening extremely quickly one night,
they alerted the duty astronomer at the MDM Observatory in Arizona.  "It was
four in the morning," Gould recalled, "I was very excited and frantic to get
someone to observe that star."  Astronomers in Arizona took more than 1,000
measurements of the event, which, coupled with software models, confirmed the
presence of a Neptune-mass planet, 13 times heavier than Earth.  Gould suspects
the planet is a bare, icy Earth-like one, a sort of cold "super-Earth", although
he cannot be certain.  "We can't really tell for sure," he said. "If we start
getting more statistics on this type of planet, we could piece together a better
story."

Extraterrestrial life

Since the 1990s, astronomers have discovered some 170 extra-solar, or
exoplanets, a planet which orbits a star other than the Sun. There is great
interest in finding extrasolar planets that are like the Earth, since these
could, in theory, have the right conditions for supporting life. In January, a
new planet 5.5 times the mass of the Earth - the smallest yet - became the third
exoplanet to be detected by the microlensing technique.  Tim Naylor, professor
of astrophysics at Exeter University, UK, said microlensing had great promise
for the future.  "It holds out the promise that we will discover many
Earth-sized planets with this technique," he told the BBC News website.

Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
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Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

From: NASA Science News
Sent: Friday, March 03, 2006 5:34 PM
Subject: Surprise! Jupiter has a new red spot.


NASA Science News for March 3, 2006
Backyard astronomers, grab your telescopes. Jupiter is growing a new red spot.

FULL STORY at

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm?list17942

Find out about the Science@NASA Podcast feed at
http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm .






[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends Of Science and geology,

http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gsa/20060303/guj/gujarat/news51.html 45 million
year old giant crocodilian fossil in Kutch LAKAPAT

Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



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Dear friends Of mythology, Science and Astronomy,

The Universe has five ages of time. We're in the second, the age of the stars.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/time.shtml

   ** Time **
Four-part series explores what time means to people and to the Universe. Sunday
26 February, 8pm BBC Four (also showing Tuesday and Wednesday evenings) 
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/time.shtml

             TIME
             Sunday 26 February - Tuesday 21 March 2006



               In this four-programme series, string theory pioneer Michio Kaku
goes on an extraordinary exploration of the world in search of time. He
discovers our sense of time passing and the clocks that drive our bodies. He
reveals the forces of time that make and destroy us in a lifetime. He journeys
to some of the Earth's most spectacular geological sites to look for clues to
the extraordinary depths of time at a planetary level. Finally, he takes us on a
cosmic journey in search of the beginning (and the end) of time itself.



        1. DAYTIME
       Sunday 26 February 8pm-9pm
       Time seems to drive every moment. It's the most inescapable force we feel.
But do we experience time from within our minds and bodies or from the outside?
        Further details about the episode


        2. LIFETIME
       Sunday 5 March 8pm-9pm
       The most powerful effect of time on our lives is the way it limits us. Our
knowledge of death is so embedded in our lives and spirituality that, were
immortality possible, would we lose the sense that makes us human?
        Further details about the episode


        3. EARTH TIME
       Sunday 12 March 8pm-9pm TBC
       We hold a unique knowledge of time, realising that it stretches deep into
the past, and will continue into the future. How does this affect our sense of
who we are?
        Further details about the episode


        4. COSMIC TIME
       Sunday 19 March 8pm-9pm TBC
       We've always structured our lives based on an unchanging past and a
predictable and ordered future. But atomic and cosmic discoveries have changed
all that. What is time itself? And will it ever end?
        Further details about the episode


Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]