Dear Friends of the Science, and astronomy,
Supernova Birth Observed for First Time - updated at 17:26 GMT, Wednesday, 21
May 2008 18:26
By Andrea Thompson Galaxy NGC 2770 before supernova SN 2008D exploded. An X-ray
image is on the left; the right is in visible light.
Exploding star caught in the act Supernova Birth Observed for First Time
NASA/Swift Science Team/Stefan Immler
Galaxy NGC 2770 before supernova SN 2008D exploded. An X-ray image is on the
left; the right is in visible light.
While peering at her computer screen four months ago, astronomer Alicia
Soderberg expected to see the small glowing smudge of a month-old supernova.
But what she and her colleague saw instead was a strange, extremely bright,
five-minute burst of X-rays.
With that observation, they became the first astronomers to catch a star in the
act of exploding.
'For years we have dreamed of seeing a star just as it was exploding, but
actually finding one is a once-in-a-lifetime, event,' said Soderberg, a Hubble
and Carnegie Princeton Fellow at Princeton University.
• Click here to visit FOXNews.com's Space Center.
The discovery, detailed in the May 22 issue of the journal Nature, will shed
light on the early stages of this violent stellar death, acting as a deciphering
key or 'Rosetta Stone' for supernova studies, as Soderberg puts it.
And analysis of the energy emitted by the new supernova, dubbed SN 2008D, could
help astronomers better understand this explosive process and the properties of
the stars that lead to it.
X-ray 'breakout'
A typical supernova occurs when the core of a massive star runs out of nuclear
fuel and collapses under its own gravity to form an ultradense object known as a
neutron star.
But only so much material can compress into the neutron star, so some of the
original star's collapsing gaseous outer layers can't fit; instead, they simply
bounce off the neutron star, Soderberg explained, triggering a shock wave that
plows back through the outer layers and blows the star to smithereens.
Astronomers had predicted for decades that this 'breakout' phase would produce
an X-ray blast lasting several minutes, but until Soderberg and Princeton
postdoctoral researcher Edo Berger's discovery, no one had ever observed the
signal. Supernovas were only found as they brightened days or weeks after their
initial explosion.
'Using the most powerful radio, optical and X-ray telescopes on the ground and
in space, we were eventually able to observe the evolution of the explosion
right from the start,' Berger said. 'This eventually confirmed that the big
X-ray blast marked the birth of a supernova.'
The discovery was a case of serendipity, Soderberg said, as the team had NASA's
Swift satellite pointed at NGC 2770 to observe supernova SN 2007uy (located 90
million light years from Earth in the constellation Lynx) and happened to catch
the X-ray outburst.
'We were in the right place, at the right time, with the right telescope on
January 9th and witnessed history,' Soderberg said.
World-wide monitoring
After observing the X-ray outburst, Soderberg mounted an international observing
campaign, with telescopes all over the world joining in to monitor the baby
supernova, including the Hubble Space Telescope, the Gemini South Telescope in
Chile, Lick Observatory and the Keck I telescope in Hawaii, among others.
The combined observations helped to pin down the energy of the initial X-ray
burst and showed that it was a typical Type Ibc supernova, which occurs when a
massive, compact star explodes.
The observations will also provide insight into the early stages of supernovas.
'This first instance of catching the X-ray signature of stellar death is going
to help us fill in a lot of gaps about the properties of massive stars, the
birth of neutron stars and black holes, and the impact of supernovae on their
environments,' said Neil Gehrels, principal investigator of the Swift satellite.
Studying this initial X-ray outburst will also give astronomers a signature to
help them spy other newborn supernovas and set their time of explosion to within
a few seconds, instead of a few days like previous timing estimates.
'We also now know what X-ray pattern to look for,' Gehrels said. 'Hopefully we
will be able to find many more supernovae at this critical moment.'
Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:'Kutch Science
Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch'.Life
Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geoc\
ities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scien\
ceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo\
.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of India
& kutch science foundation and ALSO JOIN US.
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Dear Friends of Scienec History and Astronomy. MADRID (AFP) - Spanish
astronomers Wednesday announced the discovery of the smallest planet discovered
to date outside the solar system, located 30 light years from earth.
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href='http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080409/sc_afp/spaceastronomyplanets_08040919\
0123#'>
The planet, 'GJ 436T', was detected through a new technique which 'will allow us
to discover in less than 10 years the first planet resembling earth in terms of
mass and orbit,' said Ignasi Ribas of Spain's CSIC scientific research
institute.It was discovered by a team led by Ribas through its gravitational
pull on other planets already discovered around the same star in the
constellation of Leo.'GJ 436T' has a mass five times the size of Earth, which
makes it the smallest extrasolar planet among the roughly 300 identified so far,
Ribas said in announcing the discovery.He said the new planet is uninhabitable
due to the distance that separates it from its star, which is far less than that
between the earth and the sun.To sustain life, a planet must have a mass similar
to that of earth, liquid water on its surface, an atmosphere and a similar
orbital distance from its star as that of the earth from the sun.Initial
calculations by the team indicated that 'GJ 436T' rotates in 4.2 earth days and
orbits its star every 5.2 days. By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:'Kutch Science Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club -
Bhuj - Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas
Parishad'.http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of
India.
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All Gujarat Amateur Astronomers Meet2008
Dear Friends
Some queries were there about the Gujarat Meet So here is some
clarifications and information hope you will like. Hope your presence
there
All Gujarat Amateur Astronomers Meet2008 is being organized First time
in Kutch by Kutch Amateur Astronomers Club on 26th & 27th April 2008.
The Response is very good from all over Gujarat. We are expecting 200
± participants. 100 from Kutch and 100 from Out of Kutch.
The Aim for the meet as under
As you are aware that 2009 will be celebrate as Astronomy Year. When
the program will be start we should prepare ourselves prier to that.
In Every district Astronomy Club should be form and where Astronomy
Club exist it should be more active.
The participants will know the activities going on in other part and
they can get help from others.
The participants interact with other delegates and share their experience.
The role of armature astronomers may be increased.
Activities during the Meet
The Lectures of well known amateur astronomers, Group discussions, Sky
party, Telescope exhibition, Books Exhibition, Presentations of
activities from the various part, discussion about to establish
permanent information sharing system,etc.
The Venue
The venue is Ishwar Ashram Vandhay. The Vandhay is a small village
near Deshalpar in Bhuj Taluka of Kutch District.This village is famous
pilgrimage. So lodging and boarding facilities are available from
Ishawar Ashram And Umiya Dham also.In Ishwar Ashram accommodation and
food facilities are available for 24 hours and 365 days.
How to reach
To reach Vandhay you have to reach Deshalpar. Vandhay is 2 Km away
from deshalpar.Rixa facility will be available from reception center
at Deshalpar. Deshalpar is 25 km West from Bhuj. You will get Private
as well as ST bus in every 15 minutes interval. The ticket is vary
about 12 to 15 Rs.If you are coming from out off Kutch and get bus
which are crossing Bhuj and if last stop is Naliya, Nakhtrana,
Matanamadh, Hajipir,Dayapar or Narayan Sarovar you need not down to
Bhuj You can come direct to Deshalpar. We also assist you at the Bhuj
Bus Station if you inform us about your arrival.
So don't forget, do register your name as early as possible because we
should restrict the participants up to 200, The clear and non polluted
sky is waiting for you. If any query or you need more information
please ask at narendragor@...
The Important Phone no. to be noted i.e. Narendra Gor 9428220472,
Sannjeev Sharma 9879330731 Office land line no. 02832 229654, Land
line Resident 02832 299450.Ishwar Ashram Vandhay (The Venue)0832 276230
Narendra Gor
9428220472
Dear Friends of Scienec History and Astronomy.
Chaturdisha - means the object's/structure's relation to all four directions E W
N and S. how the temples architect is made with directions and situations. and
its principles relating to the science.Generally most of the temples are
established in such a way that gods are East facing "PURVABHI MUKH" that’s
trends since ancient times to today. and For Sun Temple its an essential
principle too.
As for the principle of science and Light reflections. but some how in Ancient
times some of the Shiva temple were constructed in opposite directions too e.g.
facing to the WEST "PASCHIMABHI MUKH".
But even though they are west facing The Gangotri "NAMAN" is always facing to
the North. so as the Shiva lingas of two different facing Shiva temples are also
opposite but Gangotri going to always NORTH and in same direction.
Means West facing temple SHIVA LINGA Gangotri is on Left side while in east
facing temple SHIVA LINGA gangotri is on RIGHT side, But the Pradakshina is
always in Unidirectional in all temples. and in clock wise direction only.
Most of famous Shiva temples of Kutch are east facing, Rapar Gadh Pingaleshwar,
most of Village Mahadeva Temples, Bileshwar, Gangeshawar, Kateshwar,
Bhadreshwar, Chobari, Manjaleshwar, baldeshwar, suteshwar, Kera Shiva temple
etc.
Some temples of Saints are North facing eg Guntali Mata temple, Kabirmandir at
BHUJ and Mekan dada Temple at Drang. But Habay mata temple at habay is WEST
FACING "PASCHIMABHI MUKH" Hanuman temples facing SOUTH "DAKSHINABHI MUKH" thats
as sastras and tradition says. Most village establishment are associated with
Shiva temple and hanuman temple. where hanuman temple is on North of Village.
so as the face is always to the south and towards the village establishment with
good blessing eye on the village.
Ancient times some of the Shiva temple were contructed in oppsite directions too
e.g. facing to the WEST "PASCHIMABHI MUKH". But even though they are west facing
The gangotri "NAMAN" is always facing to the North.
But ancient Shiva Temples are facing WEST "PASCHIMABHI MUKH". Why ? may be that
in old time the tradition of West facing Shiva and village establishment West of
the temple so Shiva always watch the village worshipers to bless them always!
But Koteshwar is west facing to the Sea only keeping an eye on the Sea and
saving from any difficulties. May be All Shiva temples on She shore face to Sea.
But what ever, Shiva temple has one unique thing either it may be "PASCHIMABHI
MUKH" or "PURVABHI MUKH" Ancient times some of the Shiva temple were constructed
in opposite directions too e.g. facing to the WEST "PASCHIMABHI MUKH". But even
though they are west facing The Gangotri "NAMAN" is always facing to the North.
so One can not mislead in directions
So as the Shiva lingas of two different facing Shiva temples are also opposite
but Gangotri going to always NORTH and in same direction. Means West facing
temple SHIVA LINGA Gangotri is on Left side, while in east facing temple SHIVA
LINGA gangotri is on RIGHT side. But the Pradakshina is always in Unidirectional
in all temples. And Clockwise. Also PARIKRAMA also called "PRADAKSHINA" starts
from the Right side of temple when you come out of the temple after the
DARSHANAM, Right side means DAKSHINAm in Sanskrit,
Means in SANSKRIT PRATHMAM DAKSHINAM iti PRADAKSHINAM. that applies to all
temples facing in any directions and is universal for all temples. Koteshwar
SHIVA TEMPLE "PASCHIMABHI MUKH" and so facing to the see and Gangotri is Left
side while DARSHANAM of the Shivalinga and temple.
NARAYAN SAROVAR TRIKAM RAY ji TEMPLE is also WEST FACING and Gangotri is Left
side while DARSHANAM and temple. and Hanuman temple is out side the TRIKAM RAY
ji TEMPLE but in court yard of the TRIKAM RAY ji TEMPLE and facing south to
wards the NARAYAN SAROVAR in south of the MAIN TRIKAM RAY ji TEMPLE.
PUNVARESHWAR SHIVA TEMPLE in 10th Century is also WEST FACING "PASCHIMABHI
MUKH". BUT NOT KERA SHIVA TEMPLE build “SAMKALIN” similar period, JUST A
GENERATION BEFORE by LAKHO FULANI the uncle of PUNVARO who build the
PUNVARESHWAR SHIVA TEMPLE in 10th Century. KOTAY SHIVA TEMPLE (miss leading SUN
TEMPLE) GANGOTRI is facing NORTH on the left side of temple WEST entrance. Many
believe that as a Sun temple as some of the carved statue and sculptures’ in
that temple looks like that of Sun temple of Konark Sun temple.
Difference of SUN temple and SHIVA TEMPLE and KOTAY SHIV TEMPLE (Old village
KOTESHWAR - Not one that is near NARAYAN SAROVAR AND KOTESHWAR)
Archaeologists are mislead, But that not the real Fact as at that time was
carved statue and sculptures may show similarities in time but do not mean that
temple of Sun and is Constructed west facing and against principle of SUN and
Light.
As Temple is facing to the WEST "PASCHIMABHI MUKH". But even though they are
west facing The gangotri "NAMAN" is always facing to the North. Pictures are
available for Gangotri going to always NORTH and in same direction.
Means West facing temple of SHIVA gangotri is on Left side of the Temple. But
the Pradakshina is always in Unidirectional in all temples. That’s time scale of
West facing temples of Shiva in ancient times. and so There is a Gangotri on
Left side of Temple as well. Pictures are clearly marking those.
Sun temples of Kutch, As per laws of science and light reflection Sun temples
are constructed always East facing "PURVABHI MUKH" KANTHKOT, west side of the
BHUJ RAMKUND means East facing to the RAMKUND AND RISING SUN. "PURVABHI MUKH",
DOLATPAR Sun statue head has been found and is kept in Kutch Museum in BHUJ but
temple yet to be found as no one could trace foundation base stones yet. we are
searching area regularly visit by visit.
Konark, Modhera, KANTHKOT.all SUN temples are universal and East facing as For
Sun Temple its an essencial principle too. As for the principle of science and
Light reflections.
Shiva temple of Guntali is one of the Oldest shiva Temple 9th century (older
than Kera and punvereshwar shiva temple) is west of the Ancient GUNTALI GADH are
and out side of the GADH.
And so facing to The GADH and the EAST to blesh the Worshipers living in the
GADH. Foundation Base stones are found and Shiva Linga is Dug out from the
Underground and Gangotri is facing NORTH.
Normal as in East facing Shiva temples. pictures are available for the proofs.
The area is with ancient megalithic cultures, potteries and ancient graves
2000BC. OLD KOTADA (Roha VARU) SAN MAHADEVA TEMPLE "PASCHIMABHI MUKH" and so an
ancient, New Village KOTADA estalishment is far and west of the temple. Gangotri
is in The North and so LEFT of Temple during Darsanam. OLD KHIRASARA NETRA varu
- Has civilisation named GADH WARI WADI and old Shiva temple "PASCHIMABHI MUKH"
and so an ancient, New Village KHIRASARA estalishment is far and west of the
temple. Gangotri is in The North and so LEFT of Temple during Darsanam.Old
Swaminarayan BHUJ temple has WEST entrance But HANUMAN SOUTH FACING
"DAKSHINABHI MUKH" and in the for ground of the temple. SWAMINARAN facing to
North to HANUMAN and Gangotri NAMAN is behind in the south But pradakshina as
usual clockwise.
BHUJ RAMKUND SHIVA TEMPLE "PASCHIMABHI MUKH" and is on the North side of
RAMKUND. Ancient LAKHPAT and BHUJ hatkeshwar temples are EAST facing as Usual
But Mundra Old HATKESHWAR SHIVA TEMPLE "PASCHIMABHI MUKH" and suggest that
original Mundra Hatkeshwar temple may be an Older establishment than that of
LAKHPAT.
While LAKHPAT Old HATKESHWAR SHIVA TEMPLE "Purva BHI MUKH" MOTI POSHAD BHUJ,
though other temple in the same temple area are east facing, OLD SHIVA TEMPLE is
"PASCHIMABHI MUKH" establishe with Bhuj Sthapana in vikram sanvat 1605 = 1548 AD
is West Facing and is still preserved as such.
We request all reader to support for the collection of the information and any
west facing temples in your known place, please let us know to keep the record
updated.
By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:'Kutch Science Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club -
Bhuj - Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas
Parishad'.http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of
India.
_________________________________________________________________
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Dear friends of ASTRONOMY AND SCIENCE,
A documentry film of Wimps Astronomy is ready to see. but only can be tranfered
when some one is online. 744 MB. Also if planed a show for meet in BHUJ - along
with lecture. Negative Ion TPC for WIMP Astronomy.pdf Negative Ion TPC for WIMP
Astronomy Toward WIMP Astronomy Concordance Cosmology The NUSEL at Homestake
Science BookWith BEST Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of
INDIA.President:'Kutch Science Foundation'.Founder president :'Kutch Amateurs
Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.
_________________________________________________________________
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Date: Sat, 29 Mar 2008 03:25:00 +0000From: r_v_karanth@...: Re:
Your Article in 'CURRENT SCIENCE' Vol.91, No. 7, 10 October 2006.To:
ravindragodbole@...: aareni@...;
kutchsciencefoundation@... you for the interest in the impact
crater of Kachchh. You may please send the book and the article to my house
address. I have retired from the service two years ago: Dr. R. V. Karanth,
104-'Aarth', 29-Pratapgunj,Vadodara-390 002. Tel:0265-2794707.You may kindly
keep in touch with Prof R. N. Iyengar, (retired), IISc, Bangalore and Dr.
Bhudia, Kachchh regarding the above matter.r.n. iyengar <aareni@...>, Dr
Bhudia Kutch Science Foundation <kutchsciencefoundation@...>, With best
wishes,RVKaranthRavindra Godbole <ravindragodbole@...> wrote:
Dear Sir,
Yesterday, I read your article related to a likely impact crater at Luna in the
Rann of Kaccha.
The topic is of some interest to me. I have recently written a book titled
'Birth of Indra - A legend investigated.'
The book is written under the guidance of Dr. M.S. Mate, retired professor of
archaeology, Deccan College, Pune. He also has been kind enough to write a
foreword to this book. The book is written in Marathi with an English summary.
My hypothesis is based on a series of catastrophic events as suggested by the
astronomers, Victor Clube and David Napier, in their book, 'The Cosmic Serpent.'
If your interpretations are confirmed by further study of the samples, then not
only my hypothesis gets validated, more importantly, some of the unsolved
mysteries of ancient Indian History can be seen in a new light.
Can you keep me posted about the progress of your research? I am forwarding a
copy of your article to Prof. Mate for his comments. I am also arranging to
send a copy of my book at your University address.
Thanking you and hoping for a continuous dialogue.
Yours Sincerely,
R.V. Godbole.Dr. R. V. Karanth[Professor of Geology (Retired), The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda]104, 'Aarth'29, PratapgunjVadodara - 390 002,
INDIATel : (cell)+91-99984 85468(R) +91-265-2794707
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Dear friends of Science of Astronomy and Space,
I AM SO PLEASED TO KNOW THAT WE ARE GETTING TOGETHER FOR AN ASTRONOMY MEET IN
KUTCH. AND ALSO HOPE KUTCH WILL PROVIDE MORE SUCH OCCASIONS IN FUTERE ALSO.
Though I am feeling that I will not be able to join with you physically, I am
and always will be with you. And wish all the successes for such good causes.
I WISH ALL INVITED MEMBERS, GUESTS, ASTRONOMERS AND ALL OF YOU HEARTILY WRM
WISHES AND SUCCESS FOR THE ASTRONOMY MEET.
Though KUTCH is one of the most advantageous place for the study of astronomy
and as tropic of cancer is also passing trough the Kutch, AT THE MOMENT KUTCH
university do not have specified courses of proper Astronomy subjects, I wish
will start soon with OUR joint efforts,
PRESENTLY OUR ASTRONOMY LIBRARY have astronomy course subjects books, academic
examination papers, library OF MATHS AND PHYSICS, with ancient Astronomy books
written before 160 years to modern astronomy books, Maths and physics libraries
is very resourceful of thousands of books of each subjects. We wish sooner we
start the courses and take the first real step of the ladder for the astronomy
and space.
I will be pleased to know your BOOK demands, do not hesitate but come forward.
With Compliments from: Dr. BHUDIA : Science Group Of INDIA.President:'Kutch
Science Foundation'.Founder president :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj -
Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.
_________________________________________________________________
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From: kutchsciencefoundation@... To: alpesh2000@...;
annamraju_2000@...; avtar.k.kaul@...; becool1952@...;
bhimjib@...; bhuj@...; bhujkutch@...;
directorgeneralasi@...; sanjibkbiswas2001@...; nigam@...;
editor@...; gech_bhuj@...; kabirmandirbhuj@...;
kachchh@...; kachchhuniversitybhuj@...;
kutchscience@...; mgthakkar@...;
news4kutch@...; r_v_karanth@...; premji_padhra@...;
ramram2you@...; rao_mr_2000@...;
scienceclubofindia@...; smart_indian007@...;
b.mthakkar@...: ERROR CORRECTION:EQUINOX day measurement methods of
Angle of sun and LONG LATI @RAMKUNDDate: Fri, 21 Mar 2008 11:43:09 +0000
Dear Science, Maths, History and astronomy Friends,
ERROOR CORRECTION: EQUINOX day and the measurement methods of Angle of sun and
LONG LATI @RAMKUND
From: kutchsciencefoundation@... To: Subject: Correction: EQUINOX day
and good luck for astronomy meet. and the measurement methods of Angle of sun
and LONGITUDE LATITUDE @RAMKUND of BHUJ.
Wish you all a very happy March EQUINOX day and good luck for astronomy
meetNORTH steps SOUTH STEPS
UTC date and time of solstices and equinoxes[1]
year
EquinoxMar
SolsticeJune
EquinoxSept
SolsticeDec
day
time
day
time
day
time
day
time
2002
20
19:16
21
13:24
23
04:55
22
01:14
2003
21
01:00
21
19:10
23
10:47
22
07:04
2004
20
06:49
21
00:57
22
16:30
21
12:42
2005
20
12:33
21
06:46
22
22:23
21
18:35
2006
20
18:26
21
12:26
23
04:03
22
00:22
2007
21
00:07
21
18:06
23
09:51
22
06:08
2008
20
05:48
20
23:59
22
15:44
21
12:04
2009
20
11:44
21
05:45
22
21:18
21
17:47
2010
20
17:32
21
11:28
23
03:09
21
23:38
2011
20
23:21
21
17:16
23
09:04
22
05:30
2012
20
05:14
20
23:09
22
14:49
21
11:11
2013
20
11:02
21
05:04
22
20:44
21
17:11
2014
20
16:57
21
10:51
23
02:29
21
23:03
Wish the day of the Astronomy meet can be arranged on the Equinox day and all
measurement activity is done in the equinox day during meet time at RAMKUND of
BHUJ. so every one can get benefit of it as well as all experts can give their
expertise support. As Ramkund is perfectly constructed according to the Sun
dial principles. E-W N-S.and all constructions are perfect rectagular and
perpendicular. for measurement one do not need to manage any such directions and
leveling But only Shadow measurenets ONLY for sun dialing. as we do in JANTAR
MANTAR of Delhi or JAIPUR. And that also will give the idea when tropic of
cancer was passing there at RAMKUND (23 14 51 N). and also the Earth's
measurements.
Example of Latitudes longitude finding at the Local time. – for tropical of
cancer @ Local time you need to find the correct time when sun is on with no
shadows East or West.
and need to be there at LOCAL time of 12:00 NOON which may be 12 + MM depending
on the place where you go – Longitudes. for Bhuj 12:52 PM
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubindia/files/MeasureEarth.dochttp://f1.grp.yahoofs.com/v1/AMoxQMYX-9fiVHuxQHOo41ARbHhUCCePM4vTyesgNwoaLECS-Pj\
S97i5cgQxpGVZJxToBmG788WFGK948sho/MeasureEarth.doc
Hints: as Calculation of Latitude Longitude of the Place on Earth (eg RAMKUND)
we need to measure the angle of Sun. As on the Equinox day The sun is on the the
Equater, we need to go to the place on befor 12PM IST.
At 12 PM IST see the Northern steps Shadow showing towards the West will be
seen. on the day. wait for the local time 12:00 NOON which will be at 12:52 PM
IST.
Measuring the Angle of the SUN :
Similar Example of Latitudes longitude finding at the Local time. – for tropical
of cancer @ Local time you need to find the correct time when no shadows East or
West.
and need to be there at LOCAL time of 12:00 NOON which may be 12 + MM depending
on the place where you go – Longitudes.
As at 12 PM IST shadow on the RAMKUND will be towords the west of NORTHERN STEPS
of the RAMKUND. See when The shadow becomes perpedicular as line drawn in steps
diagrams, Shadow will be perfectly downwards in the plum line.
Now you find exact time when to there is shadow in exactly perpendicular line.
That say time is 12:52 than time difference is 52 minutes which is 52/4=13
dehrees means BHUJ is at 82.5-13=69.5 East. LONGITUDE MEASUREMENT and not the
LATITUDE MEASUREMENT
At this time you need to measure the lenth of the shadow at south steps as shown
in other diadram. and measuer the angle of the sun . which is equal to the
Latitude of the place as the sun is on Equater. LATITUDE MEASUREMENT and not
the LONGITUDE MEASUREMENT
as ramkund is constructed perfectly E W NS ans in perfect square and
perpendicular as reverse of PYRAMIS in the ground and exactly according to rules
Like pyramids accuracy.
Lenth of Shadow/height will give Tangent of the angle . tanke an anti tangent of
the figure you get by Shadow/height . thats the angle of the tilt of sun. Thats
the Latitude of the place RAMKUND.
As you are @ RAMKUND check how accurate is your experiment with figures of
RAMKUND (23 14 51 N).
World geometric dimension Table: created
Earth’s Equatorial Diameter
Equatorial Circumference 2D
Earth’s Inter Polar Diameter
Inter Polar Circumference 2D
12756 Km (E to W)
40053 KM (E to W)
12714 K m (N to S)
39900 KM (N to S)
(E to W 23:30 N/S)
(Using Tangent 23:30=0.917)
360 degree @ 23.5 Degree
36730km@Tropic of Cancer
360 deg Round the Earth
39900 KM Inter Polar
1 Degree = 60 ‘ Mins /360
=102 km = 64 Miles
1 Degree = 60 ‘ Mins /360
=110 km = 70 Miles
1’ Min = 60 “ Secs /60
=1.7 KM =1.067 Miles
1’ Min = 60 “ Secs /60
=1.84 KM =1.16 Miles
=1700 M = 5632 Feet
=1840 M = 6124 Feet
1”Sec /60
28.3 M =94 Feet
1”Sec /60
30.8 M =102 Feet
= 37 adult steps
= 18 Second’s walk
= 40 adult steps
= 20 Second’s walk
1minute walk =300feets=92M
1minute walk =300feets=92M
1hour = 5.4 Km walk
1hour = 5.4 Km walk
From yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:'Kutch Science
Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch'.Life
Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geoc\
ities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scien\
ceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo\
.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of India
& kutch science foundation and ALSO JOIN US.
Try Messenger on your mobile. Text MSN to 63463 Now.
_________________________________________________________________
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From: kutchsciencefoundation@... To: avtar.k.kaul@...;
bhuj@...; bhujkutch@...;dave.varsani@...;
directorgeneralasi@...; editor@...; gech_bhuj@...;
hlp069@...; kabirmandirbhuj@...; kachchh@...;
kachchhuniversitybhuj@...; kutchscience@...;
lalu4@...; mgthakkar@...; msgadhvi@...;
news4kutch@...; premji_padhra@...;r_v_karanth@...;
scienceclubofindia@...; Subject: Wish you all a very happy
EQUINOX day and good luck for astronomy meet. and the measurement methods of
Angle of sun and LONGITUDE LATITUDE @RAMKUND of BHUJ.Dear Science, Maths,
History and astronomy Friends,
Wish you all a very happy March EQUINOX day and good luck for astronomy
meetNORTH steps SOUTH STEPS
UTC date and time of solstices and equinoxes[1]
year
EquinoxMar
SolsticeJune
EquinoxSept
SolsticeDec
day
time
day
time
day
time
day
time
2002
20
19:16
21
13:24
23
04:55
22
01:14
2003
21
01:00
21
19:10
23
10:47
22
07:04
2004
20
06:49
21
00:57
22
16:30
21
12:42
2005
20
12:33
21
06:46
22
22:23
21
18:35
2006
20
18:26
21
12:26
23
04:03
22
00:22
2007
21
00:07
21
18:06
23
09:51
22
06:08
2008
20
05:48
20
23:59
22
15:44
21
12:04
2009
20
11:44
21
05:45
22
21:18
21
17:47
2010
20
17:32
21
11:28
23
03:09
21
23:38
2011
20
23:21
21
17:16
23
09:04
22
05:30
2012
20
05:14
20
23:09
22
14:49
21
11:11
2013
20
11:02
21
05:04
22
20:44
21
17:11
2014
20
16:57
21
10:51
23
02:29
21
23:03
Wish the day of the Astronomy meet can be arranged on the Equinox day and all
measurement activity is done in the equinox day during meet time at RAMKUND of
BHUJ. so every one can get benefit of it as well as all experts can give their
expertise support. As Ramkund is perfectly constructed according to the Sun
dial principles. E-W N-S.and all constructions are perfect rectagular and
perpendicular. for measurement one do not need to manage any such directions and
leveling But only Shadow measurenets ONLY for sun dialing. as we do in JANTAR
MANTAR of Delhi or JAIPUR. And that also will give the idea when tropic of
cancer was passing there at RAMKUND (23 14 51 N). and also the Earth's
measurements.
Example of Latitudes longitude finding at the Local time. – for tropical of
cancer @ Local time you need to find the correct time when sun is on with no
shadows East or West.
and need to be there at LOCAL time of 12:00 NOON which may be 12 + MM depending
on the place where you go – Longitudes. for Bhuj 12:52 PM
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubindia/files/MeasureEarth.dochttp://f1.grp.yahoofs.com/v1/AMoxQMYX-9fiVHuxQHOo41ARbHhUCCePM4vTyesgNwoaLECS-Pj\
S97i5cgQxpGVZJxToBmG788WFGK948sho/MeasureEarth.doc
Hints: as Calculation of Latitude Longitude of the Place on Earth (eg RAMKUND)
we need to measure the angle of Sun. As on the Equinox day The sun is on the the
Equater, we need to go to the place on befor 12PM IST.
At 12 PM IST see the Northern steps Shadow showing towards the West will be
seen. on the day. wait for the local time 12:00 NOON which will be at 12:52 PM
IST.
Measuring the Angle of the SUN :
Similar Example of Latitudes longitude finding at the Local time. – for tropical
of cancer @ Local time you need to find the correct time when no shadows East or
West.
and need to be there at LOCAL time of 12:00 NOON which may be 12 + MM depending
on the place where you go – Longitudes.
As at 12 PM IST shadow on the RAMKUND will be towords the west of NORTHERN STEPS
of the RAMKUND. See when The shadow becomes perpedicular as line drawn in steps
diagrams, Shadow will be perfectly downwards in the plum line.
Now you find exact time when to there is shadow in exactly perpendicular line.
That say time is 12:52 than time difference is 52 minutes which is 52/4=13
dehrees means BHUJ is at 82.5-13=69.5 East. LATITUDE MEASUREMENT
At this time you need to measure the lenth of the shadow at south steps as shown
in other diadram. and measuer the angle of the sun . which is equal to the
Latitude of the place as the sun is on Equater. LONGITUDE MEASUREMENT
as ramkund is constructed perfectly E W NS ans in perfect square and
perpendicular as reverse of PYRAMIS in the ground and exactly according to rules
Like pyramids accuracy.
Lenth of Shadow/height will give Tangent of the angle . tanke an anti tangent of
the figure you get by Shadow/height . thats the angle of the tilt of sun. Thats
the Latitude of the place RAMKUND.
As you are @ RAMKUND check how accurate is your experiment with figures of
RAMKUND (23 14 51 N).
World geometric dimension Table: created
Earth’s Equatorial Diameter
Equatorial Circumference 2D
Earth’s Inter Polar Diameter
Inter Polar Circumference 2D
12756 Km (E to W)
40053 KM (E to W)
12714 K m (N to S)
39900 KM (N to S)
(E to W 23:30 N/S)
(Using Tangent 23:30=0.917)
360 degree @ 23.5 Degree
36730km@Tropic of Cancer
360 deg Round the Earth
39900 KM Inter Polar
1 Degree = 60 ‘ Mins /360
=102 km = 64 Miles
1 Degree = 60 ‘ Mins /360
=110 km = 70 Miles
1’ Min = 60 “ Secs /60
=1.7 KM =1.067 Miles
1’ Min = 60 “ Secs /60
=1.84 KM =1.16 Miles
=1700 M = 5632 Feet
=1840 M = 6124 Feet
1”Sec /60
28.3 M =94 Feet
1”Sec /60
30.8 M =102 Feet
= 37 adult steps
= 18 Second’s walk
= 40 adult steps
= 20 Second’s walk
1minute walk =300feets=92M
1minute walk =300feets=92M
1hour = 5.4 Km walk
1hour = 5.4 Km walk
From yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:'Kutch Science
Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch'.Life
Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geoc\
ities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scien\
ceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo\
.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of India
& kutch science foundation and ALSO JOIN US.
_________________________________________________________________
Get Hotmail on your mobile, text MSN to 63463!
http://mobile.uk.msn.com/pc/mail.aspx
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear friends of science History Astronomy and Maths,Wish you all a very happy
March EQUINOX day and good luck for astronomy meet
UTC date and time of solstices and equinoxes[1]
year
EquinoxMar
SolsticeJune
EquinoxSept
SolsticeDec
day
time
day
time
day
time
day
time
2002
20
19:16
21
13:24
23
04:55
22
01:14
2003
21
01:00
21
19:10
23
10:47
22
07:04
2004
20
06:49
21
00:57
22
16:30
21
12:42
2005
20
12:33
21
06:46
22
22:23
21
18:35
2006
20
18:26
21
12:26
23
04:03
22
00:22
2007
21
00:07
21
18:06
23
09:51
22
06:08
2008
20
05:48
20
23:59
22
15:44
21
12:04
2009
20
11:44
21
05:45
22
21:18
21
17:47
2010
20
17:32
21
11:28
23
03:09
21
23:38
2011
20
23:21
21
17:16
23
09:04
22
05:30
2012
20
05:14
20
23:09
22
14:49
21
11:11
2013
20
11:02
21
05:04
22
20:44
21
17:11
2014
20
16:57
21
10:51
23
02:29
21
23:03 Wish the day of the Astronomy meet can be arranged on the Equinox day and
all measurement activity is done in the equinox day during meet time at RAMKUND
of BHUJ. so every one can get benefit of it as well as all experts can give
their expertise support. As Ramkund is perfectly constructed according to the
Sun dial principles. E-W N-S.and all constructions are perfect rectagular and
perpendicular. for measurement one do not need to manage any such directions and
leveling But only Shadow measurenets ONLY for sun dialing. as we do in JANTAR
MANTAR of Delhi or JAIPUR. And that also will give the idea when tropic of
cancer was passing there at RAMKUND (23 14 51 N). and also the Earth's
measurements.
Example of Latitudes longitude finding at the Local time. – for tropical of
cancer @ Local time you need to find the correct time when sun is on with no
shadows East or West. and need to be there at LOCAL time of 12:00 NOON which may
be 12 + MM depending on the place where you go – Longitudes. for Bhuj 12:52 PM
Wish you all a very happy EQUINOX day and enjoy the Astronomy meet .
From yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:"Kutch Science
Foundation".
Founder:Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club Bhuj-Kutch.
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.co\
m/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000http://in.groups.yahoo.c\
om/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchsciencehttp://i\
n.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of India
& kutch science foundation and ALSO JOIN US.
_________________________________________________________________
Free games, great prizes - get gaming at Gamesbox.
http://www.searchgamesbox.com
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear friends of Archaeology science and History,
We have plenty of information about Bhadreshwar Jain Tirth of KUTCH which is one
of the PANCHTIRTH of KUTCH of Jains.
The old Jain tirth temple was destroyed during the last earthquake of 26 January
2001. We visited the place for three times soon after the earthquake along with
HISTORIAN AND EX MUSEUM CURATOR. AND FINDING WE FOUND WERE SO ASTONISING that we
could not believe.
The temple was under the reconstruction plan. and old statues found from
underground were as old as 830 years long before the history starts for
Bhadreshwar. We read and interpreted the SHILALEKH dated as Vikram Sanvant 1234
which is 2064-1234=830 years back. not only that a statue of Vishnu was found
there from the old rubbish found underground and is kept in KUTCH museum of
Bhuj. Many NATRAJ statues are also found and is stored in the store Bhadreshwar
temple.
The actual Bhadreshwar was established long before the present Bhadreshwar
history and establishment says. it goes back beyond 2000BC. We are still
searching the area for such proofs. on the river bank of BHADRAVATI river Near
Bhadreshwar village.
But presently what we see are also going to disappear soon if not cared for it.
amongst 3 main places are there to be cared for. Though temple is well cared and
new construction is going on as we pictured last July 2007. but following are in
threats of disappearance if not cared soon.
http://www.panoramio.com/user/1004720/tags/BHADRESHWAR 1) OLD GUFI SHILALEKH of
Mahel Of BHADRESHWAR http://www.panoramio.com/photo/8430441This OLD GUFI
SHILALEKH of Mahel is one of the Oldest SHILALEKH of Bhadreshwar (during
Bhadreshwar establishment)and is not looked after and soon will disappear if not
cared for the old monuments. 2) OLD Mahel Of BHADRESHWAR
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/8430351This MAHAL is one of the Oldest Monumnet
of Bhadreshwar (during Bhadreshwar establishment)and is not looked after and
soon will disappear if not cared for the old monuments. 3)
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/8430125BHADRESHWAR OLD JAIN TEMPLE This is one of
the Oldest Monumnet of Bhadreshwar Which is destroyed in earthquake of 26
January 2001 And new constructoin is underway 4) BHADRESHWAR OLD VAAV (Stepped
Well) http://www.panoramio.com/photo/8429980This Vaav is one of the Oldest
Monumnet of Bhadreshwar (during Bhadreshwar establishment)and is not looked
after and soon will disappear if not cared for the old monuments.
Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA. http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/bhuvad.gaam/ President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch". Life Member:"kutch
Itihaas Parishad". http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh/ Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of
Science club of India, Science Group of India.
By Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:'Kutch
Science Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj -
Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000h\
ttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/gro\
up/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.co\
m/group/bhuj Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.
_________________________________________________________________
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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
New advanced Earthquake observation system in BHUJ - KUTCH
New advanced Earthquake observation system in BHUJ - KUTCHSoon after the
instalment of the new system, we vested the system observation programme and to
see how it reacts to artificial disturbances, We recorded the observation at
18.620 KHz.
And also we started our communication hand set at the same frequency and see the
changes it adapts.
According to the expert professor of physics, the system gives an early warning
of about 10 minutes before the actual earthquake happens, as the ionosphere
reacts quicker than the actual Earthquake.
So its give us life saving 10minutes to save the life. Though we do not have
specialise expert, We have tectonists, radio communication and digital systems
but still in shortage of experts on these system.
And soon some one from geophysicist will follow soon. Recently Department of
physics in LALAN college of BHUJ has installed an advanced Earthquake monitoring
system in their department.
The system is continuously monitoring the recording and is monitored by experts
professors of physics.
Soon after the instalment of the new pioneering system, system was observing any
changes in the upper atmospheric layers - IONOSPHERE.
Though its believed that any energy released during the earthquake tremors, it
makes ionosphere change which affects the upper layers of atmosphere of the
Earth.
And if we can monitor those changes we can understand the physics of the
earthquake with relation to Earth’s atmosphere.
To observe such changes we need to use a digital communication system as that
avoids the disturbances (by Noise reduction and correction methods)
which occur in Analogue communication system. Frequency is also Modulated
digitalised carrier system and in hi bit system.
For that high bit coding system is used for communication, 16/32 bit system.
And to avoid any disturbances from other communication system like TV radio,
satellite etc a particular low frequency is used which is not used for other
purpose.
Satellite monitors the upper atmosphere and singles back to Earth and it
received at the Earth’s centre at vertically polarised frequency at the antenna.
This is monitored and recorded in the system.
Wish soon LALAN collage department of Physics will soon display the system to
public to make people aware of new system and also ensure public about its
benefits for the future.
From: yours Dr.BHUDIA : Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:"Kutch
Science Foundation".Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj -
Kutch".Life Member:kutch Itihaas Parishad.kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000h\
ttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/gro\
up/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.co\
m/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, ScienceGroup of India
_________________________________________________________________
Free games, great prizes - get gaming at Gamesbox.
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'Frog from hell' fossil unearthed
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7251666.stm
Artist's impression of the "frog from hell"
Enlarge ImageA 70-million-year-old fossil of a giant frog has been unearthed in
Madagascar by a team of UK and US scientists.
The creature would have been the size of a "squashed beach ball" and weighed
about 4kg (9lb), the researchers said.
They added that the fossil, nicknamed Beelzebufo or "frog from hell", was
"strikingly different" from present-day frogs found on the island nation.
Details of the discovery are reported in the journal Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
The team from University College London (UCL) and Stony Brook University, New
York, said the frog would have had a body length of about 40cm (16 inches), and
was among the largest of its kind to be found.
"This frog, a relative of today's horned toads, would have been the size of a
slightly squashed beach-ball, with short legs and a big mouth," explained
co-author Susan Evans, from UCL's Department of Cell and Developmental Biology.
"If it shared the aggressive temperament and 'sit-and-wait' ambush tactics of
[present-day] horned toads, it would have been a formidable predator on small
animals.
"Its diet would most likely have consisted of insects and small vertebrates like
lizards, but it's not impossible that Beelzebufo might even have munched on
hatchling or juvenile dinosaurs."
The researchers added that the discovery of the fossil supported the theory that
Madagascar and the Indian and South American land masses could have been linked
until the Late Cretaceous Period (75-65 million years ago).
"Our discovery of a frog strikingly different from today's Madagascan frogs, and
akin to the horned toads previously considered endemic to South America, lends
weight to the controversial model," Professor Evans explained.
Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/bhuvad.gaam/ President:'Kutch Science
Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch'.Life
Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh/ Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of
Science club of India, Science Group of India.
_________________________________________________________________
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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear editorials, friends of Archaeology, science, History and documentation,
Every one are aware of most famous such places like DHOLAVIRA, KOTI KURAN,
KANMER ETC. but that’s not the only. There further more than hundred of such
destroyed civilisation in Kutch and in Rann of Kutch. All ancient civilisations
listing for more than hundreds has been produced and amongst those, 30 places we
have covered for research purpose. BUT FILMING OF SUCH FAMOUS PLACE HAS NOT BEEN
PRODUCED FOR PUBLIC viwings and AWARENESS. Not only that but DHOLAVIRA
Documentary filming is also far from public viewing. Recently a copy of those
films has been shown by Kutch science foundation to the schools in Kutch and a
copy has been awarded to those schools for the future school study program
demonstration. A Copy also has been presented to the Archaeological department
of Gujarat, BHUJ branch and also to Dholavira Archaeological office for their
access at RATANPAR SCHOOL near Dholavira in KHADIR KUTCH. A filming of Dholavira
will show emigration from Indus Saraswati basin to middle Asia based on
archaeological study,
also an OFFICIAL book from Mexico MAYA study will give notes as Indian crossed
Atlantic from Europe and Africa and settled in Mexico caves 20000 years ago with
cave pictures study. Who were the Aryans, Have they descended from Central
Asia...? THAT WAS THE BELIEF BUT GENETIC STUDY HAS CONTRADICTORY TO THAT.
Emigration, INSTEAD OF MIGRATION OF ARYAN FROM MIDDLE ASIA. This contradiction
genetic study and new archaeological study now reverses the history, and insists
to rewrite that history as Aryan are originated in Indian continents. As there
are civilisation like MARUDA TAKKAR beyond those so called invasion time. And
also shown in DHOLAVIRA DOCUMENTRY. Also MAYA civilisation study (very few know
about MAYA and its meanings), civilisation authentic book and information says
that Indians arrived here in Mexico by crossing Atlantic and lived in caves some
20000 years ago. According to the European tribes, they are of that Indian
origin by genetic study and history of those European tribes. Also Egyptian
OLD name “MUDRAYA” derived from SANSKRIT derived– AVESTHA. They used to pray
Sun, SNAKEs, Garuda, Fire, and also Cow as sacred as many gods habited in cow
as Hindu tradition,
Names like King RAMESIS, and his queen Sitare, Matare and dynasty, Queen
HATSHEPSUT (HAsT SHEP SUT) means she did intervened the dynasty rules and she
become the KING with Beard (queen dynasty).
Genetic study from Maternal Mitochondrial genes, which persists for generations
as birth giving mothers, STUDY SHOWS EMIGRATED FROM INDIAN CONTINENT TO OTHER
PLACES ARTICLES ARE PRODUCED AND IS also AWAILABLE.
Many sites also has been produced for Kutch tourism based on archaeological
interests. There is little info for locations of archaeological interests in
Kutch. Recently a god attempt is made by following site.
http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/india/gujarat/kutchhttp://www.world66.com/\
asia/southasia/india/gujarat/kutch/lib/gallerythough much table work produced
papers for the geology and archaeology is available. But a concrete field work
was required to produce documents and proofs. Apart from famous archaeological
places e.g. DHOLAVIRA, KURAN and KANMER, there further more than Hundreds of
such destroyed civilisation in Kutch and in Rann of Kutch. We have covered about
30 places and reported to media for public interests. Wish to carry for all such
places. Culture traditions and ancient findings always attracted to visit those
places and search such ancient monuments and civilisations.
Recently discovered stone age instruments from Kutch suggests that Kutch was
place of Human habitation since more than 150000 years. Not only that many
palaeontologist are in search of Human pre ancestors fossil in Kutch.
6. Human Empowerment Conference, Houston, presents genetic study findings
(September 2005)
Paper presented by Dr. Chandrakant Panse at the Human Empowerment Conference
(HEC), Houston, Texas, USA; Sept 16 – 18, 2005:DNA, GENETICS & POPULATION
DYNAMICS: DEBUNKING THE ARYAN INVASION PROPAGANDA
Summary: The so-called Aryan invasion, an idea designed to divide the Hindus of
Northern and Southern Bharat, was never supported by any concrete evidence and
yet was elevated to the stature of a theory. It has been pushed in secondary
school textbooks as a dogma. Science now conclusively rejects any notion of any
Aryan invasion of the Indian subcontinent.I. BackgroundStudy of changes
(mutations, insertions) in chromosomal DNA is very difficult due to its
magnitude. In humans, the egg contains 22 chromosomes plus the X sex chromosome,
and the sperm has similar 22 plus either the X or the Y sex chromosome. An XX
combination in the embryo ensues a female, and an XY a male. There are some 3
billion DNA base pairs in the 46 chromosomes in a human cell. Studying changes
as markers in only the Y chromosome can be simpler, but traces only the male
ancestry. Cells contain mitochondria, structures where oxygen is utilized. A
mitochondrion has its own DNA, only 16,569 base pairs long, and entirely
independent of the chromosomal DNA. Following mutations in the mtDNA is thus
significantly easier, but traces only female ancestry as the mitochondria are
descendants of the egg, with no contribution from the sperm.Attempts at linking
of populations through insertions of repeat sequences are underway (1), but call
for abundant caution because sampling errors, numbers of markers employed,
choices of markers, statistical models selected for analysis, etc., influence
the results of such studies (2). More importantly, polymorphism (different
alleles, or slightly different forms of the same gene) subjected to local
positive selection can result in convergent evolution, the reverse also holds
true, and these can lead to abnormal conclusions regarding histories of
populations (2). Attempts to demonstrate similarities amongst Asian and European
gene pools not only suffer from such drawbacks in spite of vigorous statistical
analysis, but also can be explained by multiple mechanisms (3). II. North &
South Bharatiyas Share mtDNA, Which Is Distinct From That of EuropeansExtensive
sequencing and statistical analysis of a part of mtDNA which has sustained
mutations (the mitochondrial hypervariable region I, HVR I), from reasonable
sample sizes, has shown that certain sequences dominant in Europe are uncommon
in India, and when found, are almost equally divided amongst the North and South
Indians. Conversely, there are sequences common to both the North and South
Indians which are uncommon in Europe (4). These data have been used to estimate
the time of diversion of the peoples of Europe and Asia in the Pleistocenic era
(4), emphasizing that these are phylogenically different peoples (5). III. North
& South Bharatiyas Share Tissue Antigens, Distinct From Those of EuropeansAll
diploid human cells express a set of proteins on their surfaces, HLA-A, B and C,
which can be unique to an individual. They are coded for in the major
histocompatibility complex of genes (MHC class I) on chromosome 6. These are the
proteins which are recognized as non-self by the immune system in transplant
rejection, and are variously called transplant antigens, phynotypic markers,
cell-surface markers, etc. All of these proteins in all persons have identical
structures and functions, yet can be distinguished from others. Not all 6 class
I antigens (3 each from paternal and maternal copies of chromosomes 6) may be
unique to an individual; some are identical or similar. MHC class II proteins
(DP, DQ, DR) are expressed by some immune system cells only, but may be even
more polymorphic. Analysis of the DNA sequences coding for the different forms
of these proteins (alleles) demonstrate that while populations which are closely
related, geographically or through known migrations, show similarities in their
class I and II MHC antigens, the Asians and the Europeans are distinct, separate
but equal, people (6).Conclusion: The stark lack of similarities in the gene
pools of the Indian subcontinent and Europe, vividly evident in the mtDNA and
the MHC complex, destroys any ' Aryan invasion' notions, and confirms the
genetic uniformity of peoples of the Indian subcontinent.Chandrakant Pansé,
Professor of Biotechnology
By Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:'Kutch
Science Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj -
Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000h\
ttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/gro\
up/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.co\
m/group/bhuj Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.
GENETICS AND THE ARYAN DEBATE
Background
Along with the birth of anthropology, the nineteenth century saw the development
of semi-scientific to wholly unscientific disciplines, such as anthropometry,
craniometry or phrenology. Unquestioningly accepting the prevalent concept of
race, some scientists constructed facial and nasal indexes or claimed to measure
the skull’s volume for every race, of course with the result that the white
race’s cranium was the most capacious and its owner, therefore, the most
intelligent; others went further, insisting that amidst the white race, only the
Germans were the “pure” descendants of the “Aryan race” which was destined the
rule the earth.In India, from 1891 onward, Herbert H. Risley, an official with
the colonial government, set about defining in all seriousness 2,378 castes
belonging to 43 “races,” all of it on the basis of a “nasal index.” The main
racial groups were Indo-Aryan, Turko- Iranian, Scytho-Dravidian, Aryo-Dravidian,
Mongoloid and Mongolo-Dravidian.
Unfortunately, this imaginative but wholly unscientific work weighed heavily on
the first developments of Indian anthropology; in the 1930s, for instance, B. S.
Guha studied skeletons from Mohenjo-daro and submitted a detailed report on the
proto- Australoid, Mediterranean, Mongoloid and Alpine races peopling the city,
all of them “non-Aryan” of course. Long lists of such fictitious races filled
academic publications, and continue to be found in Indian textbooks today. In
the wake of World War II, the concept of race collapsed in the West. Rather late
in the day, anthropologists realized that race cannot be scientifically defined,
much less measured, thus setting at naught a whole century of scholarly
divagations on “superior” and “inferior” races. Following in the footsteps of
pioneers like Franz Boas,1 leading scientists, such as Ashley Montagu,2 now
argued strongly against the “fallacy of race.” It is only with the emergence of
more reliable techniques in biological anthropology that anthropometry got a
fresh chance; it concentrated not on trying to categorize noses or spot “races,”
but on tracing the evolution of a population, on signs of continuity or
disruption, and on possible kinships between neighbouring populations.In the
Indian context, we are now familiar with the work of U.S anthropologists Kenneth
Kennedy, John Lukacs and Brian Hemphill.3 Their chief conclusion, as far as the
Aryan debate is concerned, is that there is no trace of “demographic disruption”
in the North-West of the subcontinent between 4500 and 800 BCE; this negates the
possibility of any massive intrusion, by so-called Indo-Aryans or other
populations, during that period. Die-hard proponents of such an invasion /
migration have therefore been compelled to downscale it to a “trickle-in”
infiltration,4 limited enough to have left no physical trace, although they are
at pains to explain how a “trickle” was able to radically alter India’s
linguistic and cultural landscape when much more massive invasions of the
historical period failed to do so.5 Other proponents still insist that “the
Indo-Aryan immigrants seem to have been numerous and strong enough to continue
and disseminate much of their culture,”6 but do not explain how the “immigrants”
failed to leave any trace in the anthropological record. A powerful new tool In
the 1980s, another powerful tool of inquiry came on the scene: genetics, with
its growing ability to read the history contained in a human body’s three
billion bits of information. In particular, techniques used in the
identification of genetic markers have been fast improving, leading to a wide
array of applications, from therapeutics to crime detection to genealogy. Let us
first summarize the basic definitions relevant to our field. In trying to
reconstruct ancestry, biologists use two types of DNA, the complex molecule that
carries genetic information. The first, Y-DNA, is contained in the Y-
chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes; it is found in the cell’s nucleus
and is transmitted from father to son. The second, mtDNA or mitochondrial DNA,
is found in mitochondria, kinds of power generators found in a cell, but outside
its nucleus; this mtDNA is independent of the Y-DNA, simpler in structure, and
transmitted by the mother alone. For various reasons, all this genetic material
undergoes slight alterations or “mutations” in the course of time; those
mutations then become characteristic of the line of descendants: if, for
instance, the mtDNAs of two humans, however distant geographically, exhibit the
same mutation, they necessarily share a common ancestor in the maternal line.
Much of the difficulty lies in organizing those mutations, or genetic markers,
in consistent categories called “haplotypes” (from a Greek word meaning
“single”), which constitute an individual’s genetic fingerprint. Similar
haplotypes are then brought together in “haplogroups,” each of which genetically
identifies a particular ethnic group. Such genetic markers can then be used to
establish a “genetic distance” between two populations. Identifying and making
sense of the right genetic markers is not the only difficulty; dating their
mutations remains a major challenge: on average, a marker of Y- DNA may undergo
one mutation every 500 generations, but sudden changes caused by special
circumstances can never be ruled out. Genetics, therefore, needs the inputs from
palaeontology and archaeology, among other disciplines, to confirm its
historical conclusions. India’s case Since the 1990s, there have been numerous
genetic studies of Indian populations, often reaching apparently divergent
conclusions. There are three reasons for this: (1) the Indian region happens to
be one of the most diverse and complex in the world, which makes it difficult to
interpret the data; (2) early studies relied on too limited samples, of the
order of a few dozens, when hundreds or ideally thousands of samples are
required for some statistical reliability; (3) some of the early studies fell
into the old trap of trying to equate linguistic groups with distinct ethnic
entities — a relic of the nineteenth-century erroneous identification between
language and race; as a result, a genetic connection between North Indians and
Central Asians was automatically taken to confirm an Aryan invasion in the
second millennium BCE, disregarding a number of alternative explanations.7 More
recent studies, using larger samples and much refined methods of analysis, both
at the conceptual level and in the laboratory, have reached very different
conclusions (interestingly, some of their authors had earlier gone along with
the old Aryan paradigm8). We will summarize here the chief results of nine
studies from various Western and Indian Universities, most of them conducted by
international teams of biologists, and more than half of them in the last three
years; since their papers are complex and technical, what follows is,
necessarily, highly simplified and represents only a small part of their
content. The first such study dates back to 1999 and was conducted by the
Estonian biologist Toomas Kivisild, a pioneer in the field, with fourteen
co-authors from various nationalities (including M. J. Bamshad).9 It relied on
550 samples of mtDNA and identified a haplogroup called “U” as indicating a deep
connection between Indian and Western-Eurasian populations. However, the authors
opted for a very remote separation of the two branches, rather than a recent
population movement towards India; in fact, “the subcontinent served as a
pathway for eastward migration of modern humans” from Africa, some 40,000 years
ago:
“We found an extensive deep late Pleistocene genetic link between contemporary
Europeans and Indians, provided by the mtDNA haplogroup U, which encompasses
roughly a fifth of mtDNA lineages of both populations. Our estimate for this
split [between Europeans and Indians] is close to the suggested time for the
peopling of Asia and the first expansion of anatomically modern humans in
Eurasia and likely pre-dates their spread to Europe.”
In other words, the timescale posited by the Aryan invasion / migration
framework is inadequate, and the genetic affinity between the Indian
subcontinent and Europe “should not be interpreted in terms of a recent
admixture of western Caucasoids10 with Indians caused by a putative Indo-Aryan
invasion 3,000–4,000 years BP.” The second study was published just a month
later. Authored by U.S. biological anthropologist Todd R. Disotell,11 it dealt
with the first migration of modern man from Africa towards Asia, and found that
migrations into India “did occur, but rarely from western Eurasian populations.”
Disotell made observations very similar to those of the preceding paper:
“The supposed Aryan invasion of India 3,000–4,000 years before present therefore
did not make a major splash in the Indian gene pool. This is especially
counter-indicated by the presence of equal, though very low, frequencies of the
western Eurasian mtDNA types in both southern and northern India. Thus, the
‘caucasoid’ features of south Asians may best be considered ‘pre-caucasoid’ —
that is, part of a diverse north or north-east African gene pool that yielded
separate origins for western Eurasian and southern Asian populations over 50,000
years ago.”
Here again, the Eurasian connection is therefore traced to the original
migration out of Africa. On the genetic level, “the supposed Aryan invasion of
India 3000-4000 years ago was much less significant than is generally believed.”
A year later, thirteen Indian scientists led by Susanta Roychoudhury studied 644
samples of mtDNA from some ten Indian ethnic groups, especially from the East
and South.12 They found “a fundamental unity of mtDNA lineages in India, in
spite of the extensive cultural and linguistic diversity,” pointing to “a
relatively small founding group of females in India.” Significantly, “most of
the mtDNA diversity observed in Indian populations is between individuals within
populations; there is no significant structuring of haplotype diversity by
socio-religious affiliation, geographical location of habitat or linguistic
affiliation.” That is a crucial observation, which later studies will endorse:
on the maternal side at least, there is no such thing as a “Hindu” or “Muslim”
genetic identity, nor even a high- or low-caste one, a North- or South-Indian
one — hence the expressive title of the study: “Fundamental genomic unity of
ethnic India is revealed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA.” The authors also
noted that haplogroup “U,” already noted by Kivisild et al. as being common to
North Indian and “Caucasoid” populations, was found in tribes of eastern India
such as the Lodhas and Santals, which would not be the case if it had been
introduced through Indo-Aryans. Such is also the case of the haplogroup “M,”
another marker frequently mentioned in the early literature as evidence of the
invasion: in reality, “we have now shown that indeed haplogroup M occurs with a
high frequency, averaging about 60%, across most Indian population groups,
irrespective of geographical location of habitat. We have also shown that the
tribal populations have higher frequencies of haplogroup M than caste
populations.” Also in 2000, twenty authors headed by Kivisild contributed a
chapter to a book on the “archaeogenetics” of Europe.13 They first stressed the
importance of the mtDNA haplogroup “M” common to India (with a frequency of
60%), Central and Eastern Asia (40% on average), and even to American Indians;
however, this frequency drops to 0.6% in Europe, which is “inconsistent with the
‘general Caucasoidness’ of Indians.” This shows, once again, that “the Indian
maternal gene pool has come largely through an autochthonous history since the
Late Pleistocene.” The authors then studied the “U” haplogroup, finding its
frequency to be 13% in India, almost 14% in North-West Africa, and 24% from
Europe to Anatolia; but, in their opinion, “Indian and western Eurasian
haplogroup U varieties differ profoundly; the split has occurred about as early
as the split between the Indian and eastern Asian haplogroup M varieties. The
data show that both M and U exhibited an expansion phase some 50,000 years ago,
which should have happened after the corresponding splits.” In other words,
there is a genetic connection between India and Europe, but a far more ancient
one than was thought. Another important point is that looking at mtDNA as a
whole, “even the high castes share more than 80 per cent of their maternal
lineages with the lower castes and tribals”; this obviously runs counter to the
invasionist thesis. Taking all aspects into consideration, the authors conclude:
“We believe that there are now enough reasons not only to question a ‘recent
Indo-Aryan invasion’ into India some 4000 BP, but alternatively to consider
India as a part of the common gene pool ancestral to the diversity of human
maternal lineages in Europe.” Mark the word “ancestral.” After a gap of three
years, Kivisild directed two fresh studies. The first, with nine colleagues,
dealt with the origin of languages and agriculture in India.14 Those biologists
stressed India’s genetic complexity and antiquity, since “present-day Indians
[possess] at least 90 per cent of what we think of as autochthonous Upper
Palaeolithic maternal lineages.” They also observed that “the Indian mtDNA tree
in general [is] not subdivided according to linguistic (Indo-European,
Dravidian) or caste affiliations,” which again demonstrates the old error of
conflating language and race or ethnic group. Then, in a new development, they
punched holes in the methodology followed by studies basing themselves on the
Y-DNA (the paternal line) to establish the Aryan invasion, and point out that if
one were to extend their logic to populations of Eastern and Southern India, one
would be led to an exactly opposite result: “the straightforward suggestion
would be that both Neolithic (agriculture) and Indo-European languages arose in
India and from there, spread to Europe.” The authors do not defend this thesis,
but simply guard against “misleading interpretations” based on limited samples
and faulty methodology. The second study of 2003, a particularly detailed one
dealing with the genetic heritage of India’s earliest settlers, had seventeen
co-authors with Kivisild (including L. Cavalli-Sforza and P. A. Underhill), and
relied on nearly a thousand samples from the subcontinent, including two
Dravidian-speaking tribes from Andhra Pradesh.15 Among other important findings,
it stressed that the Y-DNA haplogroup “M17,” regarded till recently as a marker
of the Aryan invasion, and indeed frequent in Central Asia, is equally found in
the two tribes under consideration, which is inconsistent with the invasionist
framework. Moreover, one of the two tribes, the Chenchus, is genetically close
to several castes, so that there is a “lack of clear distinction between Indian
castes and tribes,” a fact that can hardly be overemphasized. This also emerges
from a diagram of genetic distances between eight Indian and seven Eurasian
populations, distances calculate on the basis of 16 Y-DNA haplogroups (Fig. 1).
The diagram challenges many common assumptions: as just mentioned, five castes
are grouped with the Chenchus; another tribe, the Lambadis (probably of
Rajasthani origin), is stuck between Western Europe and the Middle East;
Bengalis of various castes are close to Mumbai Brahmins, and Punjabis (whom one
would have thought to be closest to the mythical “Aryans”) are as far away as
possible from Central Asia! It is clear that no simple framework can account for
such complexity, least of all the Aryan invasion / migration framework.
The next year, Mait Metspalu and fifteen co-authors analyzed 796 Indian
(including both tribal and caste populations from different parts of India) and
436 Iranian mtDNAs.16 Of relevance here is the following observation, which once
again highlights the pitfalls of any facile ethnic-linguistic equation:
“Language families present today in India, such as Indo-European, Dravidic and
Austro-Asiatic, are all much younger than the majority of indigenous mtDNA
lineages found among their present-day speakers at high frequencies. It would
make it highly speculative to infer, from the extant mtDNA pools of their
speakers, whether one of the listed above linguistically defined group in India
should be considered more ‘autochthonous’ than any other in respect of its
presence in the subcontinent.”
We finally jump to 2006 and end with two studies. The first was headed by Indian
biologist Sanghamitra Sengupta and involved fourteen other co-authors, including
L. Cavalli-Sforza, Partha P. Majumder, and P. A. Underhill.17 Based on 728
samples covering 36 Indian populations, it announced in its very title how its
findings revealed a “Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists,”
i.e. of the mythical Indo- Aryans, and stated its general agreement with the
previous study. For instance, the authors rejected the identification of some
Y-DNA genetic markers with an “Indo- European expansion,” an identification they
called “convenient but incorrect ... overly simplistic.” To them, the
subcontinent’s genetic landscape was formed much earlier than the dates proposed
for an Indo-Aryan immigration: “The influence of Central Asia on the
pre-existing gene pool was minor. ... There is no evidence whatsoever to
conclude that Central Asia has been necessarily the recent donor and not the
receptor of the R1a lineages.” This is also highly suggestive (the R1a lineages
being a different way to denote the haplogroup M17). Finally, and significantly,
this study indirectly rejected a “Dravidian” authorship of the Indus-Sarasvati
civilization, since it noted, “Our data are also more consistent with a
peninsular origin of Dravidian speakers than a source with proximity to the
Indus....” They found, in conclusion, “overwhelming support for an Indian origin
of Dravidian speakers.” Another Indian biologist, Sanghamitra Sahoo, headed
eleven colleagues, including T. Kivisild and V. K. Kashyap, for a study of the
Y-DNA of 936 samples covering 77 Indian populations, 32 of them tribes.18 The
authors left no room for doubt:
“The sharing of some Y-chromosomal haplogroups between Indian and Central Asian
populations is most parsimoniously explained by a deep, common ancestry between
the two regions, with diffusion of some Indian- specific lineages northward.”
So the southward gene flow that had been imprinted on our minds for two
centuries was wrong, after all: the flow was out of, not into, India. The
authors continue:
“The Y-chromosomal data consistently suggest a largely South Asian origin for
Indian caste communities and therefore argue against any major influx, from
regions north and west of India, of people associated either with the
development of agriculture or the spread of the Indo-Aryan language family.”
The last of the two rejected associations is that of the Indo-Aryan expansion;
the first, that of the spread of agriculture, is the well-known thesis of Colin
Renfrew,19 which traces Indo-European origins to the beginnings of agriculture
in Anatolia, and sees Indo-Europeans entering India around 9000 BP, along with
agriculture: Sanghamitra Sahoo et al. see no evidence of this in the genetic
record.
The same data allow the authors to construct an eloquent table of genetic
distances between several populations, based on Y-haplogroups (Fig. 2). We learn
from it, for instance, that “the caste populations of ‘north’ and ‘south’ India
are not particularly more closely related to each other (average Fst value =
0.07) than they are to the tribal groups (average Fst value = 0.06),” an
important confirmation of earlier studies. In particular, “Southern castes and
tribals are very similar to each other in their Y-chromosomal haplogroup
compositions.” As a result, “it was not possible to confirm any of the purported
differentiations between the caste and tribal pools,” a momentous conclusion
that directly clashes with the Aryan paradigm, which imagined Indian tribes as
adivasis and the caste Hindus as descendants of Indo-Aryans invaders or
immigrants.In reality, we have no way, today, to determine who in India is an
“adi”-vasi, but enough data to reject this label as misleading and unnecessarily
divisive.
Conclusions
It is, of course, still possible to find genetic studies trying to interpret
differences between North and South Indians or higher and lower castes within
the invasionist framework, but that is simply because they take it for granted
in the first place. None of the nine major studies quoted above lends any
support to it, and none proposes to define a demarcation line between tribe and
caste. The overall picture emerging from these studies is, first, an unequivocal
rejection of a 3500-BP arrival of a “Caucasoid” or Central Asian gene pool. Just
as the imaginary Aryan invasion / migration left no trace in Indian literature,
in the archaeological and the anthropological record, it is invisible at the
genetic level. The agreement between these different fields is remarkable by any
standard, and offers hope for a grand synthesis in the near future, which will
also integrate agriculture and linguistics. Secondly, they account for India’s
considerable genetic diversity by using a time- scale not of a few millennia,
but of 40,000 or 50,000 years. In fact, several experts, such as Lluís
Quintana-Murci,20 Vincent Macaulay,21 Stephen Oppenheimer,22 Michael
Petraglia,23 and their associates, have in the last few years proposed that when
Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa, he first reached South-West Asia around
75,000 BP, and from here, went on to other parts of the world. In simple terms,
except for Africans, all humans have ancestors in the North-West of the Indian
peninsula. In particular, one migration started around 50,000 BP towards the
Middle East and Western Europe: “indeed, nearly all Europeans — and by
extension, many Americans — can trace their ancestors to only four mtDNA lines,
which appeared between 10,000 and 50,000 years ago and originated from South
Asia.” 24 Oppenheimer, a leading advocate of this scenario, summarizes it in
these words:
“For me and for Toomas Kivisild, South Asia is logically the ultimate origin of
M17 and his ancestors; and sure enough we find the highest rates and greatest
diversity of the M17 line in Pakistan, India, and eastern Iran, and low rates in
the Caucasus. M17 is not only more diverse in South Asia than in Central Asia,
but diversity characterizes its presence in isolated tribal groups in the south,
thus undermining any theory of M17 as a marker of a ‘male Aryan invasion’ of
India. One average estimate for the origin of this line in India is as much as
51,000 years. All this suggests that M17 could have found his way initially from
India or Pakistan, through Kashmir, then via Central Asia and Russia, before
finally coming into Europe.”25
We will not call it, of course, an “Indian invasion” of Europe; in simple terms,
India acted “as an incubator of early genetic differentiation of modern humans
moving out of Africa.”26 Genetics is a fast-evolving discipline, and the studies
quoted above are certainly not the last word; but they have laid the basis for a
wholly different perspective of Indian populations, and it is most unlikely that
we will have to abandon it to return to the crude racial nineteenth-century
fallacies of Aryan invaders and Dravidian autochthons. Neither have any reality
in genetic terms, just as they have no reality in archaeological or cultural
terms. In this sense, genetics is joining other disciplines in helping to clean
the cobwebs of colonial historiography. If some have a vested interest in
patching together the said cobwebs so they may keep cluttering our history
textbooks, they are only delaying the inevitable. * References & Notes 1 Franz
Boas, Race, Language and Culture (New York: Macmillan, 1912). 2 Ashley Montagu,
Man’s most dangerous myth: The fallacy of race (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1942). 3 Let us mention three important papers: (1) B. E. Hemphill, J. R.
Lukacs & K. A. R. Kennedy, “Biological adaptations and affinities of the Bronze
Age Harappans,” in Harappa Excavations 1986-1990: A Multidisciplinary Approach
to Third Millennium Urbanism, ed. R. H. Meadow (Madison: Prehistory Press,
1991), pp. 137-182. (2) Kenneth A. R. Kennedy, “Have Aryans been identified in
the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia?” in The Indo-Aryans of Ancient
South Asia, ed. George Erdosy (Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1995), pp.
32-66. (3) Brian E. Hemphill, Alexander F. Christensen & S. I. Mustafakulov,
“Trade or Travel: An Assessment of Interpopulational Dynamics among Bronze Age
Indo-Iranian Populations,” South Asian Archaeology, 1995, ed. Raymond Allchin &
Bridget Allchin (New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing, 1997), vol. 2, pp. 855-
871. 4 See for instance Michael Witzel, “Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from
Old Indian and Iranian Texts,” Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, vol. 7
(2001), No. 3 (25 May), § 8. 5 For a fuller discussion of this and other
paradoxes of the Aryan invasion theory, see Michel Danino, L’Inde et l’invasion
de nulle part: le dernier repaire du mythe aryen (Paris: Les Belles Lettres,
2006), forthcoming in English as The Invasion That Never Was, 3rd ed. 6 Ram
Sharan Sharma, Advent of the Aryans in India (New Delhi: Manohar, 2001), p. 52.
7 See a few examples in The Indian Human Heritage, ed. D. Balasubramanian & N.
Appaji Genetics and the Aryan Debate / p. 12 Rao (Hyderabad: Universities Press,
1998). 8 This is the case of L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, of Stanford University,
co-author of a “classic” work which, as regards India, did not dare to question
the invasionist framework: L. L. Cavalli- Sforza, P. Menozzi & A. Piazza, The
History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1994); twelve years later, Cavalli-Sforza co-authored two papers that rejected
this framework, see notes 15 & 17 below. Another case is that of the Indian
biologist Partha P. Majumder (see notes 12 & 17 below). 9 T. Kivisild, M. J.
Bamshad, K. Kaldma, M. Metspalu, E. Metspalu, M. Reidla, S. Laos, J. Parik, W.
S. Watkins, M. E. Dixon, S. S. Papiha, S. S. Mastana, M. R. Mir, V. Ferak, R.
Villems, “Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA
lineages” in Current Biology, 18 November 1999, 9(22):1331-4. (Most of the
articles quoted in this paper are available on the Internet; to locate them,
enter their full title in a good search engine.) 10 “Caucasoid” is a
nineteenth-century term for a member of the white race, coined at a time when
the Caucasus was thought to be the homeland of the Indo-Europeans. The term has
no scientific meaning but has stuck, and is still used occasionally by
biologists, although, as further quotations will show, often within quotation
marks, as a reminder of its inadequacy. 11 T. R. Disotell, “Human evolution: the
southern route to Asia” in Current Biology, vol. 9, No. 24, 16 December 1999,
pp. R925-928(4). 12 Susanta Roychoudhury, Sangita Roy, Badal Dey, Madan
Chakraborty, Monami Roy, Bidyut Roy, A. Ramesh, N. Prabhakaran, M. V. Usha Rani,
H. Vishwanathan, Mitashree Mitra, Samir K. Sil & Partha P. Majumder,
“Fundamental genomic unity of ethnic India is revealed by analysis of
mitochondrial DNA,” Current Science, vol. 79, No. 9, 10 November 2000, pp.
1182-1192. 13 Toomas Kivisild, Surinder S. Papiha, Siiri Rootsi, Jüri Parik,
Katrin Kaldma, Maere Reidla, Sirle Laos, Mait Metspalu, Gerli Pielberg, Maarja
Adojaan, Ene Metspalu, Sarabjit S. Mastana, Yiming Wang, Mukaddes Golge, Halil
Demirtas, Eckart Schnakenberg, Gian Franco de Stefano, Tarekegn Geberhiwot,
Mireille Claustres & Richard Villems, “An Indian Ancestry: a Key for
Understanding Human Diversity in Europe and Beyond”, ch. 31 of Archaeogenetics:
DNA and the population prehistory of Europe, ed. Colin Renfrew & Katie Boyle
(Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000), pp. 267-275.
14 Toomas Kivisild, Siiri Rootsi, Mait Metspalu, Ene Metspalu, Juri Parik,
Katrin Kaldma, Esien Usanga, Sarabjit Mastana, Surinder S. Papiha & Richard
Villems, “The Genetics of Language and Farming Spread in India,” ch. 17 in
Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, eds. Peter Bellwood & Colin
Renfrew (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2003), pp.
215–222. Italics in one of the quotations are in the original. 15 T. Kivisild,
S. Rootsi, M. Metspalu, S. Mastana, K. Kaldma, J. Parik, E. Metspalu, M.
Adojaan, H.-V. Tolk, V. Stepanov, M. Gölge, E. Usanga, S. S. Papiha, C.
Cinnioglu, R. King, L. Cavalli-Sforza, P. A. Underhill & R. Villems, “The
Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and
Caste Populations,” American Journal of Human Genetics and the Aryan Debate / p.
13 Genetics 72(2):313-32, 2003. 16 Mait Metspalu, Toomas Kivisild, Ene Metspalu,
Jüri Parik, Georgi Hudjashov, Katrin Kaldma, Piia Serk, Monika Karmin, Doron M
Behar, M Thomas P Gilbert, Phillip Endicott, Sarabjit Mastana, Surinder S.
Papiha, Karl Skorecki, Antonio Torroni & Richard Villem, “Most of the extant
mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the
initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans,” BMC Genetics 2004,
5:26. 17 Sanghamitra Sengupta, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Roy King, S. Q. Mehdi,
Christopher A. Edmonds, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Alice A. Lin, Mitashree Mitra,
Samir K. Sil, A. Ramesh, M. V. Usha Rani, Chitra M. Thakur, L. Luca
Cavalli-Sforza, Partha P. Majumder, & Peter A. Underhill, “Polarity and
Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both
Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of
Central Asian Pastoralists,” American Journal of Human Genetics, February 2006;
78(2):202-21. (Italics in one of the quotations are mine.) 18 Sanghamitra Sahoo,
Anamika Singh, G. Himabindu, Jheelam Banerjee, T. Sitalaximi, Sonali Gaikwad, R.
Trivedi, Phillip Endicott, Toomas Kivisild, Mait Metspalu, Richard Villems, & V.
K. Kashyap, “A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion
scenarios,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 24 January 2006,
vol. 103, No. 4, pp. 843–848. (Italics in one of the quotations are mine.) 19
Colin Renfrew, Archaeology and Language: the Puzzle of Indo-European Origins
(London: Penguin Books, 1989). 20 Lluís Quintana-Murci, Raphaëlle Chaix, R.
Spencer Wells, Doron M. Behar, Hamid Sayar, Rosaria Scozzari, Chiara Rengo,
Nadia Al-Zahery, Ornella Semino, A. Silvana Santachiara- Benerecetti, Alfredo
Coppa, Qasim Ayub, Aisha Mohyuddin, Chris Tyler-Smith, S. Qasim Mehdi, Antonio
Torroni, & Ken McElreavey, “Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape
of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor,” American Journal of Human Genetics
74(5):827-45, May 2004. 21 Vincent Macaulay, Catherine Hill, Alessandro Achilli,
Chiara Rengo, Douglas Clarke, William Meehan, James Blackburn, Ornella Semino,
Rosaria Scozzari, Fulvio Cruciani, Adi Taha, Norazila Kassim Shaari,6 Joseph
Maripa Raja, Patimah Ismail, Zafarina Zainuddin, William Goodwin, David Bulbeck,
Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Stephen Oppenheimer, Antonio Torroni, Martin Richards,
“Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete
Mitochondrial Genomes,” Science 13 May 2005, vol. 308, No. 5724, pp. 1034-36. 22
Stephen Oppenheimer, The Real Eve: Modern Man’s Journey out of Africa (New York:
Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003). See an introduction to Oppenheimer’s theory on
the website: www.bradshawfoundation.com. 23 Hannah V. A. James & Michael D.
Petraglia, “Modern Human Origins and the Evolution of Behavior in the Later
Pleistocene Record of South Asia,” Current Anthropology vol. 46, Supplement,
December 2005, pp. S3-S27. Genetics and the Aryan Debate / p. 14 24 William F.
Allman, “Eve Explained: How Ancient Humans Spread Across the Earth” (on the
website of Discovery Channel, 21 August 2004). 25 Stephen Oppenheimer, The Real
Eve, op. cit., p. 152. 26 See note 15 above.
_________________________________________________________________
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Dear editorials, friends of Archaeology, science, History and documentation,
Every one are aware of most famous such places like DHOLAVIRA, KOTI KURAN,
KANMER ETC. but that’s not the only.
There further more than hundred of such destroyed civilisation in Kutch and in
Rann of Kutch.
All ancient civilisations listing for more than hundreds has been produced and
among those 30 places we have covered for research purpose.
BUT FILMING OF SUCH FAMOUS PLACE HAS NOT BEEN PRODUCED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS.
Not only that but DHOLAVIRA Documentary filming is also far from public views.
Recently a copy of that films has been shown by Kutch science foundation to few
schools in Kutch and a copy has been awarded to those schools for the future
school study programs.
I Copy also has been presented to the Archaeological department of Gujarat, BHUJ
branch and also to Dholavira Archaeological office for their access at RATANPAR
SCHOOL near Dholavira in KHADIR KUTCH.a filming of Dholavira also shows
emigration from Indus Saraswati basin to middle Asia based on archaeological
study , Also an OFFICIAL book from Mexico MAYA study will give notes as Indian
crossed Atlantic from Europe and Africa and settled in Mexico caves 20 000 years
ago with cave pictures study.
Who were the Aryans, Have they descended from Central Asia...??? there are
many. THAT WAS THE BELIEF BUT GENETIC STUDY HAS CONTRADICTORY TO THAT.
Emigration, INSTEAD OF MIGRATION OF ARYAN FROM MIDDLE ASIA. And contradicting to
that the archaeological study now reverses the history, and insists to rewrite
that history as Aryan.
As there are civilisation like MARUDA TAKKAR beyond those so called invasion
time. And also shown in DHOLAVIRA DOCUMENTRY.
Also MAYA (very few know about MAYA and its meanings) civilisation authentic
book and info says that Indians arrived here in Mexico by crossing Atlantic and
lived in caves some 20 000 years ago.
Also Egyptian OLD name “MUDRAYA” derived from SANSKRIT derived– AVESTHA. Names
like King RAMESIS, and his queen Sitare, Matare and dynasty,
Queen HATSHEPSUT (HAsT SHEP SUT) means she did intervened the dynasty rules and
she become the KING with Beard (queen dynasty). Genetic study from Maternal
Mitochondrial genes, which persists for generations as birth giving mothers,
STUDY SHOWS EMIGRATED FROM INDIAN CONTINENT TO OTHER PLACES ARTICLES ARE
PRODUCED AND IS also AWAILABLE.
Many sites also has been produced for Kutch tourism based on archaeological
interests. And many are using as earnings from visiting few known places, but
hardly has visited most places.
There are few info for locations of archaeological interests in Kutch. Recently
a god attempt is made by kutchquide.com site. following details may interest you
for your archaeological interst.
http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/india/gujarat/kutchhttp://www.world66.com/\
asia/southasia/india/gujarat/kutch/lib/galleryhttp://www.viovio.com/kutchscience
& http://www.viovio.com/travel/200001943http://www.kutchguide.com/Though many
table work produced papers for the geology and archaeology are available. But a
concrete field work was required to produce documents and proofs.
And we are doing since then. Apart from famous archaeological places e.g.
DHOLAVIRA, KURAN and KANMER, there further more than Hundreds of such destroyed
civilisation in Kutch and in Rann of Kutch.
We have covered about 30 places and reported to media for public interests. Wish
to carry for all such places. Culture traditions and ancient findings always
attracted to visit those places and search such ancient monuments and
civilisations.
Recently a documentary film production for civilisation of Kutch is on the track
and Kutch science has forwarded all documentary proofs of locations and mapping.
Mr AWTAR KAUL is the documetry team leader.
he has produced many documetries and in touch with Government of gujarat, ASI
and ISRO members. A team member from ASI and ISRO are also consulted and may
join for further research and documentary production with their help along with
the information of KUTCH SARASWATI civilisations of Kutch.
Film production unit will be on the visit along with ISRO and ASI member. hope
they will use KUTCH Mahotsawa time to facilitate the documentary production.
Archaeologists are attracted to the places of the name with Kotada - kotadi
eithet it may be a
Kotada - kotadi of Dholavira or kotada jadodar, Kotada sangani, kotada Roha,
Kotada Bhadli, Kotada mad,
Kotada chakar or any kotada/ kotadi and also to the GADH eg GADHWARI WADI,
Bajario GADH, Bajariyu Gaam,GUJARAT (HARAPPAN PERIOD) DISTRICT: KUTCH
Chitrol 23.24N - 70.40EDesalpur 23.29N - 69.10EDholvira (Kotadi) 23.58N -
70.12EGadhwaliwadi 23.30N - 69.03EGunthai 23.28N - 69.09EJatavadar 23.45N -
70.40EKanthkot 23.29N - 70.29EKerasi 23.40N - 70.44EKhakhra Dera 23.34N -
70.29EKhari-Ka-Khanda 23.27N - 70.19E
Khedoi 23.03N - 69.57EKotada Bhadli 1 23.22N - 69.26EKotada Bhadli 2 23.22N -
69.26EKotada 23.17N - 70.06EKotadi 23.58N - 70.12EKotara-Juni-Karan 24.00N -
69.45ELakhapar 23.33N - 70.28ELakhpat 23.50N - 68.47EMorvo 23.50N - 70.42ENarapa
23.34N - 69.05ENenu-Ni-Dhar 23.51N - 69.44EPirwada 23.20N - 70.00EPabunath
23.38N - 70.31ERampara (Vekera No Timbo) 23.30N - 70.45ERamvav 23.32N -
70.28ESamaghoga 22.55N - 69.40ESelari 22.42N - 70.37ESurkotada 23.37N -
70.50ETodio 23.05N - 69.55EVada 23.34N - 69.03E
PLACE NAMED WITH “RAI” ARE OLD LAKES ARE CIVILISATION PLACES MOCHIRAI OF SUKHPAR
- 40 HARAPPAN GRAVES ARE FOUND IN BAJARIYUN GAAM AREASADHURAI OF GODPAR, JAMORAI
BETWEEN GODPAR & MANUKUVA, VICHANDRAI OF MANUKUVA AND MAGJIRAI OF MADHAPAR.SAR -
MEANS SAROVAR ARE OLD CIVILISATION PLACES IN KUTCH.BALASAR VAGAD NEAR GADHADA
RASAJIBHARASAR - HARAPPAN DAM AREA,VADASAR - TARO -TALAV AREA OF THE
VILLAGESUMARASAR - NENUNI DHAR CIVILISATIONDEVISAR - HAS MORE THAN ONE AREA OF
CIVILISATION AREA DEVISAR AND JATAWADABHADRESAR - BHADRESWARKHIRASARA , DAHISARA
, MODSAR, Anandsar MORO - MORA MEANS TAKARO - TIMBO SARLI TIMBO - JIWA TIMBO
AREVEKARA TIMBO OF VAGAD VEKRA RAMPAR OF BHUJ MOMAY MORA etcGADH AND GADHADA OF
KUTCH GADHADA OF KHADIR NEAR RATANPAR GADHADA RASAJI NEAR BALASAR IN
VAGADGADHSHISHADEVPARGADHRAPAR GADHGADHWARI WADI - MEGHPAR IN BHUJGADHWARIWADI -
KHIRSARA NETRA NAKHATRANA PANDYANO GADH etcGADHADA OF BHAVNAGAR ON RIVER BANKS
OF GHELO RIVER.KOT - KOTADA - KOTDI OF KUTCH KANTH KOTKOTADA CHAKAR REHA -
UGAMANA AND ATHAMANA KOTADA - GADHADO AREA HAS GADH IN GROUNDSKOTADA BHADLI
THARAVADA IN NAKHTRANA Kotada (Roha) has OLD KOTDA near village Kotada and
Khirasara
KOTADA THARAVADA IN ANJARKOTADA IN ZURA KOTADA JADODARKOTADA - KOTADI OF
DHOLAVIRA KOTAY - KOTESHWAR KATESHWAR - LAKHAPAT KOTESHWAR - NARAYAN SAROVARALSO
KOTADA CHANDRANI By Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:'Kutch
Science Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj -
Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000h\
ttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/gro\
up/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.co\
m/group/bhuj Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.
_________________________________________________________________
Share what Santa brought you
https://www.mycooluncool.com
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Dear friends of Archaeology science and History, Sub:MEDI WARI WADI Near banks
of the Ancient RIVER of ZADKO of SUKHPAR BHUJ.Map :
http://maps.google.com/maps?q=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=110\
2682&t=k&om=1 Generally it has been believed that there are not any ancient
civilisation in area around City area and BHUJ vicinity, But villages close to
BHUJ city are full of ancient civilisation,
Namely Madhapar - Megjirai area, Chakar kotada (ugamana and athamana) - Gadhado
area, Manukuva and Bharasar area -HARAPPAN Dam area, Sukhpar Mochirai,
Kalyanpar – ancient canal structures of very complicated irrigation system and
Foundation Base stones,
SUKHPAR – Zadko Zadki area Bajariyun gaaam AT MOCHIRAI lake, Medi Wari Wadi on
banks of ZADKO river, Meghpar gadhwari wadi etc.
We will discuss all matter with photographic clues separately and one bye one in
each separate articles.
But at the moment one of “MEDI” of the MEDI WARI WADI Near banks of the Ancient
RIVER of ZADKO of SUKHPAR BHUJ.
Recently we have discovered most of those ancient places around Bhuj. Collected
positive specimens of artefacts and documented them with Photographic and Video
recording of each place and specimens.
SEE MAP :- Of Medi Wari Wadi on banks of ZADKO river
http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=23.229516&lon=69.609461&z=15&l=0&m=a&v=2
If picture above is not visible here use the email attachment where it has been
attaches as Sukhpar Medi vari wadi.jpg Or at the link below
http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=23.229516&lon=69.609461&z=15&l=0&m=a&v=2&show=/689\
2572/Medi_Wari_Wadi_Near_banks_of_the_Ancient_River_of_Zadko_of_Sukhpar_Bhuj
Though this place has houses are built with stones as plenty of hill rocks are
available in surrounding hill area. But exceptionally this place has an ancient
building, build with bricks of ancient time 2000BC.
Place was covered with vegetation and grownup trees and was not clear to
visualise the facts. We took help from local farmers to clear that up and have a
close clear look of the foundation and stones walls ,
The “MEDI” has been built by ancient bricks. We collected sample for further
investigations. Though the area has the plenty of stones around, we surprised to
see why that was built with bricks!
Very few of such brick foundation have been found Kutch and this is one of it.
As for ancient history story telling, this area of Zadko Zadki and village
Bajariyun near lake Mochirai has many clues and this are is ancient civilisation
area.
We have discovered about 40 Ancient stone build graves in these area showing
ancient time built graves, suggesting 2000Bc megalithic cultures.
By Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:'Kutch
Science Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj -
Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000h\
ttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/gro\
up/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.co\
m/group/bhuj Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.
_________________________________________________________________
Telly addicts unite!
http://www.searchgamesbox.com/tvtown.shtml
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Hi,
Thanks for such a nice info.
i will go through and reply you
regards
Gopesh Joshi
Kutch Kala Vikas Kendra
Madhapar (Bhuj)
Kutch, Gujarat
Cell : 9825622848
----- Original Message ----
From: swathi.reddy2008 <swathi.reddy2008@...>
To: scienceclubofindia@...
Sent: Friday, 1 February, 2008 3:04:19 AM
Subject: [SCIENCE club of INDIA] Destination NASA Challenge for Indian School
Kids - 24x7guru.com
Hi,
I got a great information to share with you all. Did you ever dream to
visit NASA with a kid accompanied by his teacher, if so it can come
true. My niece has subscribed for 24x7guru.com which is a online tool
to strengthen the academic foundation of school kids of class 3 to 10.
And as my niece is in 7th std she is eligible for contest called
"Destination NASA Challenge 2008" launched by 24x7guru, radiomirchi
and none other than the great actor/director of the film Taare Zameen
Par. Destination NASA is open for students of class 6 to 10, it will
be conducted all over the nation. Top 10 students will be send to NASA
accompanied by 1 parent/guardian & 1 Teacher.
Guys if you feel this is a golden chance for students to visit NASA,
share this with your friends, relatives and help kids to grab this
chance…who knows you can be one of the 10 guardian/teacher/ parent to
visit NASA.
For more details check http://www.24x7guru .com/frmDestinat ionNASA.aspx
Sorry if you feel it's not worth of sharing and I wasted your time.
Thank you
Swathi
Forgot the famous last words? Access your message archive online at
http://in.messenger.yahoo.com/webmessengerpromo.php
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Dear university and colleges, Librarians (Digital Data libraries) and
friends Of Science,
Our digital library is ready to use for references. Colleges and
universities are welcome to share our vast subject selection library.
When Kutch University has decided to develop the new library for Kutch
University we are happy to offer and share our library source for KUTCH
University. We are sharing some of library of Sanskrit with Sanskrit
department but now wide source is ready for use for students and staff.
We continue to grow our library and are updating our Digital DATA
libraries in our Science foundations. Now we have Thousands of Books on
many subjects of Science and other subjects of Maths and engineering as
well.
Now our Millions page Digital DATA libraries in Kutch Science
Foundations & many more to come.
1) Thousands +1800 of books on Computer and IT Science 500+ libraries =
2300+ books
2) Books on Mathematics Library including MATLABS , Astronomy = 500+
books including video lecture library
3) Books On Astronomy and Space science, study course library, including
SPACE ENCYCLOPEDIA Astronomy Video library of Science discoveries
Asimov's science fiction library. including video library.
4) Ancient Books of Astronomy, BRAHMAND PURAN, and spherical astronomy,
elements of space, Physics and maths Science which are not available now
a day. And ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPACE and including video library
4) Home science and Cooking Books with cooking recopies
6) Handicrafts and Stitching books
7) Physics Complete library. +500s of books including video library
8) Chemistry Complete library +500s of Books
9) Biology Complete Library +500s of Books
10) Human Anatomy Science and complete Medical Library for medical
university and research students. + 1500 BOOKS
11) Full medical science library, medical dictionary and Ayurvedic
information library INCLUDING BIOMEDICAL, GENETICS, + 1500 BOOKS
12) Actuarial science and statistical science and predictions BOOKS
library
13) Robotic science and technology Books LIBRARY
14) SANSKRIT and grammar including full +1000 page Sanskrit dictionary,
Oxford dictionaries, Vedic (PURANs NAAD VEDAs) Library including all 18
Purans and 4 Vedas including grammar and translations AND AN ANCIENT
PERSIAN BOOKS
15) Archaeological library WITH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHEOLOGY , Forbidden
archaeology including Civilisation and DHOLAVIRA video library, INCA,
MAYA, EGYPT, INDUS etc.
16) Geological Science Library including fossils and DINO fossils
complete sets of Photographic libraries INCLUDING TOPOMAPs Library,
Forbidden Geology, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOLOGY. and video library
17) History, Science Documentary and science Discoveries, GEO
DISCOVERIES and civilisations Digital and digital Video libraries.
including video library
18) Reference Library of ancient civilisation and geological science of
Kutch AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOTECTONICS . including video library
19) Reference Library for Birds and Environment & Nature library of
Kutch AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIRDS, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATURE , ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF ANIMAL including video library
20) Digital Audio Library including Vedic audio, Asimov's Science
Fictions audio Library And many more to come.
21) Books On Botany and science, and ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Science including
video library
22) Books On engineering science, electric engineering, civil ,
construction and mechanical + 600 Books
And many more to come
By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
<http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/>
President:'Kutch Science Foundation'.
Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch'.
Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
<http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/>
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience>
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
<http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
<../../../../../scienceclubofindia>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
<../../../../../kutchscience>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh <../../../../../kachchh>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj <../../../../../bhuj>
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group
of India
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Hi,
I got a great information to share with you all. Did you ever dream to
visit NASA with a kid accompanied by his teacher, if so it can come
true. My niece has subscribed for 24x7guru.com which is a online tool
to strengthen the academic foundation of school kids of class 3 to 10.
And as my niece is in 7th std she is eligible for contest called
"Destination NASA Challenge 2008" launched by 24x7guru, radiomirchi
and none other than the great actor/director of the film Taare Zameen
Par. Destination NASA is open for students of class 6 to 10, it will
be conducted all over the nation. Top 10 students will be send to NASA
accompanied by 1 parent/guardian & 1 Teacher.
Guys if you feel this is a golden chance for students to visit NASA,
share this with your friends, relatives and help kids to grab this
chance…who knows you can be one of the 10 guardian/teacher/parent to
visit NASA.
For more details check http://www.24x7guru.com/frmDestinationNASA.aspx
Sorry if you feel it's not worth of sharing and I wasted your time.
Thank you
Swathi
Dear friends Of Space science and astronomy,
Two old stars appear to be gearing up for a second generation of planet
formation, a phenomenon astronomers say they have never seen before.
"This is a new class of stars, ones that display conditions now ripe for
formation of a second generation of planets, long, long after the stars
themselves formed," said UCLA astronomy graduate student Carl Melis, who
reported the findings at a recent meeting of the American Astronomical Society
in Austin, Texas.
The stars are BP Piscium in the constellation Pisces and TYCHO 4144 329 2, which
resides in the constellation Ursa Major. The exact ages of the stars are
unknown, but it is estimated they are at least hundreds of millions or possibly
billions of years old, and might have already given birth to planets long ago.
"Most astronomers now believe that most stars are accompanied by
first-generation planets of some sort, even if the planets are not massive
enough to be picked up by the radial velocity [detection] technique," Melis
said.
Second generation of planets
The unusual thing about these stars is that they appear to be giving birth to
planets again.
"We currently understand planet formation to occur around stars when they are
very young and enshrouded in dusty and gaseous disks, the material necessary to
form planetary bodies," Melis told SPACE.com. "This material is completely used
up after a couple to ten million years after the star is born and is not
replenished during the star's life. As such, we would never expect a star to
undergo planet formation late in its life as the necessary conditions are not
present."
How they can do this is still unclear, but the stars seem to have kept many of
their youthful qualities. For instance, the researchers found orbiting disks of
gas and dust extended around the stars, and, in the case of BP Piscium, jets of
gas being ejected into space. These gas-and-dust rings provide the fodder for
the making of planetesimals, such as comets and asteroids that can merge to form
larger bodies, along with planets.
"With all these characteristics that match so closely with young stars, we would
expect that our two stars would also be young," Melis said. "As we gathered more
data, however, things just did not add up."
Aging stars
The lack of lithium gave away the true stellar ages. Since stars burn lithium as
they get older, younger stars should pack large stores of the chemical element.
The astronomers found, however, that BP Piscium contained much less lithium than
would be expected for a young star of its mass.
"There is no known way to account for this small amount of lithium if BP Piscium
is a young star," Melis said. "Rather, lithium has been heavily processed, as
appropriate for old stars. Other spectral measurements also indicate it is a
much older star."
The researchers speculate that the senior stars might be borrowing material from
their neighbors to construct new worlds.
"Our team believes that these stars, as they aged and began to expand into giant
stars, engulfed very short-period companion stars orbiting around them," Melis
said. "Interactions with these companions caused matter to be flung into disks
surrounding the two stars."
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Science Foundation".Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj -
Kutch".Life Member:kutch Itihaas Parishad.kutchscience@...,
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From: KutchScienceFoundation@... Sub: Flint arrow of Neolithic time
of the kutch Dear friends of Kutch, Archaeology, Science and History,
Recently we visited foot hills of 'KALO DUNGAR KUTCH JO' (Black Hills of KUTCH).
and its Ancient civilisation of KOTI KURAN. we have spurring findings leading to
the most Ancient Human Evolution and habitations back to the FLINT STONE age.
The specimen of FLINT STONE age Flint is been Studied, Scanned for its
diagrammatic structure is prepared. Though many time it has been said about
neolithic KUTCH, But The Specimen of direct proof of the Neolithic time
instruments are not produced.
During our geo-Archaeological expedition in the foot hills of the 'KALO DUNGAR
KUTCH JO' (Black Hills of KUTCH) we also visited the ancient human habitation
sites surrounding the Black hills.
We found the specimens of geological importance like fossils of Wood as well as
fossil of Marine life fish, bivalves, and also vegetative fossils. Whole of The
BLACK HILL range is full of such fossils.
Also we discovered specimens of Archaeological Importance and Human evolution
and Habitations in the Area in the ANCIENT times going back to 150 000 years
FLINT STONE age in Kutch.
Stone Age450,000 - 2000B.C.
While collecting information and Data we continued to filming and Photographing
so we do not miss any parts un-noticed. We noticed a White flint stone with its
typical shape and appearance.
We scanned the specimen and made its tracing to conclude its possible shape of
original. That was well polished and peculiar shape of triangle with Tip of
triangle was made flat by polishing.
And the bottom of the Base of triangle was prepared curved by polishing. Edges
are sharp and sides are just like laser cut straight. One end shows tapering
like a spear.
Though many flints are studied but not like this. Flint stone are having rough
side and edges but this is most sophisticated polished and straight line cut as
if today’s straight line laser cut.
Wonder How that was possible at that time of Neolithic period 2500BC?
Neolithic
'neo' = new
'lithic' = stone
Hunt or farm? Neolithic Revolution = Domestication of plants and animals.
Dwellings: Mud brick supported by timber, plastered walls and floors, and
fortifications (towers, walls). Community life
Permanent stuctures built? Yes (houses, cromlechs, dolmen).
Tools: Polished stone (obsidian), woven baskets, clay vessels.
Clothes: Animal skins, woven garments.
Art: Wall paintings, sculpture, relief.
Sculpture material: Stone, clay (baked).
Diargram Tracing and Specimen
If the picture above is blank, file is attched in Attchement Flint arrow with
Triagular tracing.jpg
Neolithic (c 5,500 – c 2,500 B.C.) (New Stone Age)
This very short Neolithic time period, the last part of the Stone Age, was
set-up to cover the period from the onset of farming and ending when metal tools
came into widespread use.
Again, since ‘widespread’ would be a judgment call... so as to when the next age
(Bronze Age) should begin would be a matter of opinion.
Metal tools in common use (copper) could have begun as early as 6,000 B.C.
within some regions of Europe, Asia and North Africa,
effectively eliminating the need to refer to any Neolithic time period at these
locations. It could apply to less advanced regions however,
like the Americas and the rest of Africa. The Neolithic therefore became a
regional matter also. FROM YOURS Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:'Kutch
Science Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj -
Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000h\
ttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/gro\
up/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.co\
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Dear friends of Archaeology, Science and History,
Sub: Ancient materials science and Metal casting process of ancient India.
Recently we visited foot hills of 'KALO DUNGAR KUTCH JO' (Black Hills of KUTCH).
and its Ancient civilisation of KOTI KURAN. we have few but spurring findings
leading to the most Ancient Human Evolution and habitations back to the FLINT
STONE age. and also ancient materials science in the time of Iron Age.
The specimen of FLINT STONE age Flint is being Studied, Scanned for its
diagrammatic structure is prepared. So soon will be in pipeline for next
article. But the Specimen of direct proof of the Iron Age materials science and
direct proof of Metal casting 'IRON SMELTING FROTH' specimen.
During our geo-Archaeological expedition in the foot hills of the 'KALO DUNGAR
KUTCH JO' (Black Hills of KUTCH) we also visited the ancient human habitation
sites surrounding the Black hills.
We found the specimens of geological importance like fossils of Wood as well as
fossil of Marine life fish, bivalves, and also vegetative fossils. Whole of The
BLACK HILL range is full of such fossils.
Also we discovered specimens of Archaeological Importance and Human evolution
and Habitations in the Area in the ANCIENT times going back to 150 000 years
FLINT STONE age.
While collecting information and Data we continued to filming and Photographing
so we do not miss any parts un-noticed. all of sudden we noticed a Dark Black
UNUSAL LOOKING stone.
Out first assumption was that may be a meteor specimen as the area is one of the
prime locations for such specimens. We rushed to the place to collect the
specimen but surprised to get the specimen.
We expected the specimen to be high density material but that was too light with
specific gravity even less than 1 that’s lighter than the water. So we washed
the specimen and removed the dirt.
And cleaned the specimen for study. As we put the specimen in the water if float
in the water so we actually found the floating stone. But What that may be in
this place?
We tried to crack the specimen to see its consistency! But we could not crack
the specimen . so we decided to take it at a safe place and do its consistency
test at a safer place.
Later we could crack the specimen only with a metal hammer but that was to
strong to crack it like a Concrete material.
We consulted geologist as well as expert of chemistry, Physics and persons from
archaeological expertise.
With their experts opinions we reached to the conclusion that, That Dark Black
UNUSAL LOOKING stone may be in fact the IRON SMELTING FROTH,
so as we though it was so hard consistency, and it was floating in the water.
Above IRON SMELTING FROTH.JPG and Floating Iron Smeltin froth.JPG timed
8:57 28.8.2007 IF not seen here both Files are attache to the email
With all expertise opinions we reached to the conclusion that during and ancient
time of Iron age, our ancestors used to make Iron tools.
But generally the specimens we get for such iron age tools are mostly
contaminated by other Carbon during the oxidation process during the passed
time.
But The IRON SMELTING froth is quite big with thousands of air bubble in side,
which has trapped in the ait of that time gives direct and conclusive evidence
of the time interval passed ,
environmental proofs of the air specimen in the air bubble of that time, C14 -
un–contaminated Carbon dating proofs from the centre mass of the specimen.
And why the specimen remained un rusted for so long period a mystery of ancient
metal casting materials science.
Smelting basics
The 7 metals that were known in ancient times (mercury, tin, lead, copper,
silver, gold, and iron) can in principle be smelted through similar chemical
reactions from their ores:
Mercury Oxide, Cassiterite, Minium, Silver oxide, Cuprite and Hematite
Different ores require different reactions at different temperatures, but almost
always the reducing agent is carbon. The list above is sorted in increasing
temperature order,
so iron is the most difficult metal to smelt from the ones in the list (that's
why historically iron smelting was the last to be discovered).
A common mistake is to think that the metal is obtained from the ore because at
high temperature the metal just melts out of the ore.
That is incorrect: if a blacksmith just heats up the ore without the proper
reducing agent (carbon), he will just obtain molten ore.
Also, one can smelt some ores at a temperature lower than the temperature
required to melt the metal. Usually, though, these reactions happen at
temperatures high enough to melt the resulting metal,
so the metal can just be cast directly out of the furnace.
The exception to the previous paragraph is that some metal oxides just decompose
at relatively low temperatures, so instead of trying to smelt mercury out of
mercury oxide,
one can just heat up mercury oxide to about 500°C, and the oxide will decompose
into mercury and oxygen; as mercury boils at 357C, this will cause the oxide to
decompose and boil out,
producing the highly toxic gaseous mercury. This is possible only for mercury
and a handful of other metal oxides; most metal oxides must be smelt with carbon
as the reducing agent.
Smelting is a chemical reaction that requires a particular ore (that sometimes
look like any other common sedimentary rock), a particular content of carbon and
a particular temperature
in order to produce the metal. Without knowledge of chemistry, it is impossible
to predict if a given rock can be smelted or not, and what it will produce.
Therefore, there is continuous debate to understand how the ancient people
learned how to smelt.
Probably the first smelting was done by accident by making a campfire on top of
tin or lead ores.
That may accidentally produce metallic tin and lead at the bottom of the
campfire, as the temperatures to smelt tin and lead are easily obtained in a
campfire.
These metals can then be molten and cast in a campfire.
The earliest cast lead beads known today were found in the site in Anatolia
(Turkey), and were dated of 6500BC.
It is unclear when the earliest cast tin artifacts were made, given that tin is
much more uncommon than lead, and earlier tin artifacts may have been reused to
make bronze.
Although lead is a relatively common metal, it is too soft to be of much
utility, so the first smelting of lead didn't have significant impact in the
ancient world.
Early iron smelting
The earliest evidence to date for the bloomery smelting of iron is found at Tell
Hammeh, Jordan, and dates to 930 CalBC (C14 dating).
However, based on the archaeological record of iron artifacts, it is clear that
intentional reduction of iron metal from terrestrial ores (in the case of Hammeh
a Haematite ore),
must have started near the end of the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1600–1150 BC). Where
and how iron smelting was discovered is widely debated, and remains uncertain
due to the significant lack of production finds.
Nevertheless, there is some consensus that iron technology originated in the
Near East, perhaps in Eastern Anatolia.
In Ancient Egypt somewhere between the Third Intermediate Period and 23rd
Dynasty (ca. 1100–750 BC) there are indications of iron working.
Significantly though, no evidence for the smelting of iron from ore has been
attested to Egypt in any period. There is a further possibilty of iron smelting
and working in West Africa by 1200 BC[1].
In addition, very early instances of carbon steel was found to be in production
around 2000 YBP in northwest Tanzania, based on complex preheating principles.
These discoveries are significant for the history of metallurgy.[2]
Most early processes in Europe and Africa involved smelting iron ore in a
bloomery, where the temperature is kept low enough so that the iron does not
melt.
This produces a spongy mass of iron called a bloom, which then has to be
consolidated with a hammer.
By Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President: 'Kutch Science Foundation'.
Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj – Kutch
'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachch/hhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj/ Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of
Science club of India, Science Group of India.
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Gigantic fossil rodent discovered
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7189341.stm
The fossilised skull of the largest rodent ever recorded has been described by
scientists for the first time.
The remains of the one-tonne beast, found in Uruguay, indicate that it would
have been as big as a bull.
It is thought that the three-metre-long herbivore would have roamed estuaries
and forests 2-4 million years ago.
The mammal, which is more than 15 times heavier than the largest living rodent,
is described in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
The authors say the animal would have lived alongside carnivorous "terror birds"
and sabre-toothed cats.
"If you are a rodent you cannot run so well so you would have had to fight with
these predators," said Dr Rudemar Ernesto Blanco of the Institute of Physics in
Montevideo, Uruguay, one of the authors of the paper.
"It might have reached this size to protect itself."
Fighting giants
The half-metre-long fossil skull was discovered by an amateur palaeontologist in
a boulder on the Rio de La Plata coast in the south of the country.
See how big the creature was
The remains had lain in the Museum of Natural History in Montevideo for three
years before being studied and identified as a new species, Josephoartigasia
monesi.
The pakarana is the creature's closest living relative
It was recognised as a new creature by examining and comparing its teeth with
other known species of Josephoartigasia.
"Its incisors are extraordinarily large - much larger than any other rodent,"
said Dr Blanco.
The researchers have speculated that the creature may have used the teeth to cut
wood in a similar way to a modern day beaver.
"The other possibility is that they used them for fighting."
The team spent nearly one year estimating the body mass by comparing the skull
with other living South American rodents.
Most weigh less than 1kg. However, there are exceptions such as the 60kg
capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), and the closest living relative of the
newly discovered creature: the pakarana (Dinomys branickii).
The comparisons allowed them to estimate the creature's weight at nearly one
tonne (1,000kg) and predict its length.
"We think it was around three metres from the tip of the nose to the tail," said
Dr Blanco.
The creature's tail would have been little more than a stump, according to the
team.
Island paradise
The skull is not the first oversized creature to be discovered in South America.
Other finds have included car-sized armadillos, giant ground sloths and
hook-beaked terror birds.
The previously largest-known rodent was Phoberomys pattersoni, a 700kg creature
nicknamed "guinea-zilla" and discovered in Venezuela.
South America is well studied by biologists because its plants and animals
developed in isolation to the rest of the world's flora and fauna.
Until the emergence of the isthmus of Panama, connecting it to Central and North
America about three million years ago, the landmass had been cut off for tens of
millions of years.
"It is highly probable that we can find more material of this fossil and other
related species," said Dr Blanco.
Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/bhuvad.gaam/ President:'Kutch Science
Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch'.Life
Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh/ Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of
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On the Parabolic Curve of Primary Mirrors
Abstract: In order for a parabolic mirror to work, light has to reflect off of
every point on it and be directed in a straight line to the focus. With this in
mind, we know a light ray traveling parallel to the y-axis and reflecting off of
the point (x, f) has to be directed to the focus in a straight line parallel to
the x-axis. In order for a vertical light ray to reflect in this way, the point
(x, f) on the mirror has to have a slope of 45 degrees or, in other words, a
slope of one. This means that the derivative of the parabolic function at the
point (x, f) has to equal 1.[Nature and Science. 2006;4(2):23-24].
Keywords: parabolic curve; parabolic mirror
In order to make a reflecting telescope such as a Newtonian Reflector, the
primary mirror is often ground into the shape of a parabola. The reason for this
is that when light enters the telescope tube, it is reflected off of the
parabolic mirror and, due to the unique parabolic shape, is focused at a single
point (the focus) which is a certain distance away from the center of the mirror
(the focal length). The purpose of this paper is to try to describe which
parabolic curve is suitable to fit a known focal length. The general solution
has been known for a long time, but I was able to use a kind of guess and check
method to find a similar solution on my own. This is one way in which the
solution can be derived. We will assume the parabola is centered at the origin,
so we know the general form of the parabola will be similar to y = ax^2 where a
is some particular coefficient depending on the given focal length.
In order for a parabolic mirror to work, light has to reflect off of every point
on it and be directed in a straight line to the focus. With this in mind, we
know a light ray traveling parallel to the y-axis and reflecting off of the
point (x, f) has to be directed to the focus in a straight line parallel to the
x-axis. In order for a vertical light ray to reflect in this way, the point (x,
f) on the mirror has to have a slope of 45 degrees or, in other words, a slope
of one. This means that the derivative of the parabolic function at the point
(x, f) has to equal 1.
So, knowing that the parabolic function will take the form y = ax^2, and that
the derivative of this function evaluated at the point (x, f) must equal 1, we
can figure out the general equation for any parabolic mirror with a particular
focal length.
Take the case where f, the focal length, equals 4. In order to find the
x-coordinate for (x, f) we need to solve y = ax^2 for x.
4 = ax^2
(4/a) = x^2
(2/sqrt(a)) = x
We know that at the point ((2/sqrt(a)), 4) the slope of the parabolic curve must
equal 1. To find an equation for the slope of the tangent line to the parabolic
curve at any point we take the derivative of y = ax^2.
y = ax^2
y’ = 2ax
We know x = 2/sqrt(a) and that the slope at this point has to be 1. Plugging in
y’ = 1 and x = 2/sqrt(a) we get:
1 = (4a)/sqrt(a)
Rearranging we get:
Sqrt(a) = 4a
a = 16a^2
1 = 16a
1/16 = a
Plugging a back into our original parabolic equation we get:
y = (1/16)x^2
which will produce a focal length of 4.
We have just found the parabolic equation for a mirror that produces a focal
length of 4. However, we can generalize this equation for any focal length. Take
f to be the focal length, but this time, instead of assigning a value to f, we
will leave it like it is.
f = ax^2
f/a = x^2
sqrt(f)/sqrt(a) = x
f’ = 2ax
1 = (2a*sqrt(f))/sqrt(a)
sqrt(a) = 2a*sqrt(f)
a = 4fa^2
1 = 4fa
1/(4f) = a
Therefore, by plugging a back into the parabolic equation we get the general
solution:
y = 1/(4f)x^2
where y is the curve that a parabolic mirror takes with any focal length f.
Make Big Paraboloid Reflectors Using Plane Segments
This page describes a simple algorithm (downloadable as an Excel spreadsheet)
that calculates the dimensions of cardboard sections that when assembled will
form a parabolic dish (paraboloid). The design allows free choice of focal
length, aperture and overall size. The dish can be used for concentrating energy
in the form of sound to make a highly senstive and directional microphone, or
(when covered with a metallic reflector or made from metal sheeting) a solar
furnace or a collector for radio waves.
Introduction
Parabolic reflectors (or paraboloids) and mirrors are used in astronomical
telescopes, car headlights and satellite dishes. The paraboloid has the unique
property that an on-axis parallel beam of radiation will be reflected by the
surface and concentrated at its focus (or conversely, a point source located at
the focus will produce a parallel beam on reflection). This feature is
illustrated in the diagram below - parallel rays enter from the left and are
brought to a focus at a single point.
Figure 1: The focusing action of a parabola
The above examples of parabolic reflectors all use a smooth surface as the
reflector; but a parabolic surface can be approximated using an array of flat
surfaces (small plane mirrors). Provided that the size of each reflector is kept
small then the errors will not be significant for several applications - such as
a solar concentrator (or solar furnace), a sound mirror or a radio receiving or
transmitting dish. The size of each individual mirror needs to be smaller than
the target (a microphone, saucepan or radio antenna). In this design (apart from
those at the centre) the individuals mirrors are quadrilaterals (or more
precisely, trapezia, since they have two parallel sides).
The material to make the dish is somewhat a matter of personal choice -
cardboard is fine for a microphone reflector and when covered with aluminium
foil, will make a solar concentrator. A cardboard paraboloid a metre or a metre
and a half in diameter can easily gather enough infrared rays from the sun to
cook a sausage (or your hand - be careful). A big cardboard paraboloid is easy
to make with very small focal ratios: f/0·25 or less. Light plywood can also be
used for a more durable dish at the expense of increased effort in construction
and additional weight. Sheet metal (or a metal mesh for a radio reflector) could
also be used. A major challenge with heavy structures is to support and steer
them and also prevent them from sagging and distorting (which will affect their
ability to focus properly).
The Principle
If you want to understand how the algorithm works, we'll need to have a look at
the maths (if you don't like the maths then skip this bit and go on to the
design section - you'll just have to take the design on trust).
We start by considering the parabola; this is a one dimensional curve and is a
section through a paraboloid - a paraboloid is formed by rotating a parabola
about its axis. The equation of a parabola is:
y = a.x²
where a is a constant.
For a parabola with a focal length of f:
a = 1/(4f)
Figure 2: Parabola - focal length = f
The axis of the parabola is coincident with the y-axis and the focus is located
at (0, f).
If the reflector depth is equal to the focal length then the edge of the mirror
and the focus both lie in the same plane - it makes locating the focus easy and
any supporting structure for the detector can be made flat (like the spokes of a
wheel). It follows that at the focal point the radius of the aperture is 2f and
that the focal ratio for this arrangement is f/0·25.
Now consider the actual dish (shown below in partial plan and section). The
section resembles the smooth curve shown above in figure 2 except that it is
made up from short straight lines. There are three features to note: firstly the
points that are joined by the lines lie on the parabolic curve; secondly, the
points are equally spaced along the x axis (which means the lengths of the
parallel sides of the trapezia are simple to calculate) and thirdly, the
distances between the points (measured along the parabola) increase with
distance from the centre.
Figure 3: Plan of the dish and section
When viewed from above, each segment comprises a simple triangle whose apex
angle is equal to 360° divided by the total number of segments (figure 4).
Multiplying the x distance by the tangent of half the apex angle gives the half
width of the triangle at x from the centre of the dish. This simple calculation
allows us to find the lengths of the parallel sides of the quadrilaterals.
Figure 4: Top View of a Single Section
When flattened out, the shape of the segment is not a simple triangle but a more
complicated shape; we need to calculate the distance between the parallel sides
and this allows us to then draw a complete segment. To get the linear distance
measured along the surface of the mirror we consider two adjacent points on the
parabola:
Figure 5: Calculating the length of a segment
The distance between the two points is found using the formula:
zn = (( xn+1 - xn )² + ( yn+1 - yn )²)½
Design
First decide how many sections you want to use - the plan above shows twelve -
having more sections means greater accuracy but also more work. Divide this
figure into 360° - this gives the angle at the vertex of each section. Now get
the tangent of half this angle (in this example the angle is 30° so we need to
find tan(15°) which is 0·268). Secondly choose the size of the increment in x -
this should be no larger than the detector placed at the focus - say 2 inches
for a microphone or 4 inches for a hamburger. Now choose a focal length - that's
the distance from the bottom of the dish to the focal point. Calculate the value
of a by multiplying f by four and taking the reciprocal of the result. For
example, if f is 8 then a will be 1/(4 x 8) = 1/32 = 0·03125
Then set up the table as follows:
Number the rows at the left.
In the next column put the value of the x coordinate (each row increases by the
value of the x increment you've chosen).
Calculate the corresponding value of y and put it in the next column; y = a x
x².
In the column labelled y1: copy the value for y from the next row.
For each row: calculate the square of the difference between y1 and y, add it to
the square of the value of the x increment. z is found by taking the square root
of this sum.
In each row calculate Vd which is equal to the value of z for that row plus all
the values of z in the preceding rows.
The 'from centre' distance is the half width of the section at the distance Vd
from the dish centre - it is calculated by multiplying the value of x in the
next row by the tangent already found.
The process can be repeated for as many rows as desired to increase the size of
the aperture for a given focal length.
I have set up an Excel spreadsheet to do all the calculations - download here.
If you use this you only need to choose the number of sections, the focal length
and the x increment to get the design.
Construction
Use the last two columns of the table - mark out a line on the card with the
distances given by Vd marked. Now measure perpendicular lines whose lengths are
given in the last column. Cut out the segment (and then repeat 11 more times -
phew!). Score along the perpendicular lines. Now, when the edges are joined with
adhesive tape or an equivalent material, the segments automatically bend into
the desired paraboloid.
Figure 6: Marking out the segment
To stiffen the dish, I add a cardboard ring which I attach to the edge of the
dish using hot melt glue. Good luck. I will appreciate feeback from anyone who
has a go at constructing one of these.
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Chronological Methods 11 - Paleomagnetic and Archaeomagnetic Dating & Carbon 14
Dating Calculator
After World War II, geologists developed the paleomagnetic dating technique to
measure the movements of the magnetic north pole over geologic time. In the
early to mid 1960s, Dr. Robert Dubois introduced this new absolute dating
technique to archaeology as archaeomagnetic dating.
How does Magnetism work?
Magnetism occurs whenever electrically charged particles are in motion. The
Earth's molten core has electric currents flowing through it. As the earth
rotates, these electric currents produce a magnetic field that extends outward
into space. This process, in which the rotation of a planet with an iron core
produces a magnetic field, is called a dynamo effect.
The Earth's magnetic core is generally inclined at an 11 degree angle from the
Earth's axis of rotation. Therefore, the magnetic north pole is at approximately
an 11 degree angle from the geographic north pole. On the earth's surface, when
you hold a compass and the needle points to north, it is actually pointing to
magnetic north, not geographic (true) north.
The Earth's magnetic north pole can change in orientation (from north to south
and south to north), and has many times over the millions of years that this
planet has existed. The term that refers to changes in the Earth's magnetic
field in the past is paleomagnetism. Any changes that occur in the magnetic
field will occur all over the world; they can be used to correlate stratigraphic
columns in different locations. This correlation process is called
magnetostratigraphy.
Lava, clay, lake and ocean sediments all contain microscopic iron particles.
When lava and clay are heated, or lake and ocean sediments settle through the
water, they acquire a magnetization parallel to the Earth's magnetic field.
After they cool or settle, they maintain this magnetization, unless they are
reheated or disturbed. This process is called thermoremanent magnetization in
the case of lava and clay, and depositional remanent magnetization in the case
of lake and ocean sediments.
In addition to changing in orientation, the magnetic north pole also wanders
around the geographic north pole. Archaeomagnetic dating measures the magnetic
polar wander.
For example, in the process of making a fire pit, a person can use clay to
create the desired shape of the firepit. In order to harden the clay
permanently, one must heat it above a certain temperature (the Curie point) for
a specified amount of time. This heating, or firing, process resets the iron
particles in the clay. They now point to the location of magnetic north at the
time the firepit is being heated. When the firepit cools the iron particles in
the hardened clay keep this thermoremanent magnetization. However, each time the
firepit is reheated above the Curie point while being used to cook something, or
provide heat, the magnetization is reset. Therefore, you would use
archaeomagnetic dating to date the last time the firepit was heated above the
Curie point temperature.
Paleomagnetic and Archaeomagnetic Profile
Paleomagnetism and Archaeomagnetism rely on remnant magnetism,as was explained
above. In general, when clay is heated, the microscopic iron particles within it
acquire a remnant magnetism parallel to the earth's magnetic field. They also
point toward the location around the geographic north pole where the magnetic
north pole was at that moment in its wandering. Once the clay cools, the iron
particles maintain that magnetism until the clay is reheated. By using another
dating method (dendrochonology, radiocarbon dating) to obtain the absolute date
of an archaeological feature (such as a hearth), and measuring the direction of
magnetism and wander in the clay today, it is possible to determine the location
of the magnetic north pole at the time this clay was last fired. This is called
the virtual geomagnetic pole or VGP. Archaeologists assemble a large number of
these ancient VGPs and construct a composite curve of polar wandering (a VGP
curve). The VGP curve can then be used as a master record, against which the
VGPs of samples of unknown age can be compared to and assigned a date.
How are Paleomagnetic and Archaeomagnetic Samples Processed?
Geologists collect paleomagnetic samples by drilling and removing a core from
bedrock, a lava flow, or lake and ocean bottom sediments. They make a marking on
the top of the core which indicates the location of the magnetic north pole at
the time the core was collected. This core is taken back to a laboratory, and a
magnetometer is used to measure the orientation of the iron particles in the
core. This tells the geologist the orientation of the magnetic pole when the
rock was hot.
Archaeologists collect archaeomagnetic samples by carefully removing samples of
baked clay from a firepit using a saw. A nonmagnetic, cube-shaped mold
(aluminum) is placed over the sample, and it is filled with plaster. The
archaeologist then records the location of magnetic north on the cube, after the
plaster hardens. The vertical and horizontal placement of the sample is also
recorded. Eight to twelve samples are collected and sent to a laboratory for
processing. A magnetometer is used to measure the orientation of the iron
particles in the samples. The location of the magnetic pole and age are
determined for that firepit by looking at the average direction of all samples
collected.
The Limitations of Paleomagnetic and Archaeomagnetic Dating
Using this technique, a core or sample can be directly dated. There are a number
of limitations, however.
First, it is necessary to know the approximate age of the sample to avoid
miscorrelations. The K-Ar method has been used to place the sample in an
approximate age range. However, sometimes the error associated with K-Ar date is
greater than the time span being studied using Paleomagnetic or Archaeomagmetic
Dating techniques.
Second, when studying depositional remanent magnetization, in the case of lake
and ocean sediments, disturbance of the sediments by currents, slumping of
sediments, or burrowing animals is a problem. Any of these disturbances can
churn up sediments and change the orientation of the iron particles in the
sediments, or remove parts of the sedimentary record altogether. Therefore,
paleomagnetism studies of sediments should be used as an average record of long
term changes in the Earth's magnetic field to reduce error in the interpretation
of the record.
Third, the microscopic iron particles in some sediments undergo chemical changes
after they have settled through the water into strata. These chemical changes
cause the iron particles to realign themselves with the Earth's magnetic field
at the time of the chemical change. This is called chemical remanent
magnetization. The identification of the particular iron minerals that are
susceptible to this change can be an early warning that errors can be expected.
Fourth, paleomagnetic dating can only date deposits that are hundreds of
thousands to millions of years old. This is useful when studying early fossil
hominids, but is not useful when studying modern human beings.
Finally, the skill of the archaeologist collecting the sample, and the number of
the samples used to calibrate the archaeomagnetic master curve affect the
precision with which archaeologists can determine a date for a feature.
Links
Archaeometry Journal Home Page
Paleomagnetic Data at NOAA National Data Center
Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism (CEMP)
Fort Hoofddijk Paleomagnetic Laboratory, Utrecht University, Netherlands
Institute for Rock Magnetism, University of Minnesota
Rock-Magnetism & Paleomagnetism Lab, Geological Survey of Japan
Los Hornos: A Case Study in Chronology
Laboratory of Earth's Magnetism, Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia
CSU Archaeometric Laboratory
References
Eighmy, J.L. 1980. Archaeomagnetic Dating: A Handbook for Archaeologists.
Eighmy, J.L., and R.S. Sternberg, eds. 1990. Archaeomagnetic Dating.
Butler, R.F. 1992. Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terrains.
Carbon 14 Dating Calculator
To find the percent of Carbon 14 remaining after a given number of years, type
in the number of years and click on Calculate.
Years
C 14 halflife = 5730
Carbon 14 left = percent
To find the years that have elapsed from how much Carbon 14 remains, type in the
C 14 percent and click on Calculate.
Percent C 14
C 14 halflife = 5730
Years = +/-
More about Carbon Dating
In the 1940's Dr. Willard F. Libby invented carbon dating for which he received
the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1960.
Carbon dating has given archeologists a more accurate method by which they can
determine the age of ancient artifacts. The halflife of carbon 14 is 5730 ± 30
years, and the method of dating lies in trying to determine how much carbon 14
(the radioactive isotope of carbon) is present in the artifact and comparing it
to levels currently present in the atmosphere.
Above is a graph that illustrates the relationship between how much Carbon 14 is
left in a sample and how old it is.
Forwarded by Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President: 'Kutch Science Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club
- Bhuj – Kutch
'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachch/hhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj/ Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of
Science club of India, ScienceGroup of India.
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Dear friends Of Nature History, Kutch, Science and Geology,
May it be Tall giant fern's tree foosils of that time? Mystery remains until new
further study is carried out and confirms with the research findings.
Recently found fossils in DHOLAVIRA in KHADIR region of the Great RANN of KUTCH
have been filmed and photographed.
We sent one article of the Termite Hole formation by ancestors of recent
termites in the decayed wood fossil of DHOLAVIRA in KHADIR region of the Great
RANN of KUTCH in Dec 2007.
But question rises about the timing of the age of the fossils and what such huge
Vegetative PLANTS may those be at that time?
What type of Giant trees may be existing at that time? As we noticed that Lower
layers had THOSE wood fossils and Upper layers of Marine Bivalve fossils (Timed
at 5:58) suggesting that,
that area of land has been under water between the Wood fossil formation time
and Marine fossil formation time. Composed photo has given top corner Marine
fossils (Timed at 5:58) of area of the upper layers on the Hills.
And also lower corners with Wood fossil (Timed at 5:44) details and Roots fossil
(Timed at 5:45) in the grounds.
We have analysed the films and pictures and we found the following facts about
those fossils and the land of Kutch.
Our recorded findings confirm that the length of the tree was approximate 30
feets tall and diameter of tree trunk about 4 feets and circumference about 13
feets.
Tree trunk fossils is Brocken in parts in places but can be traced to the roots
in the ground.
Also Root fossil with big Central XYLEM of the root fossil is also visible and
digging under ground may provide more Root fossil specimens preserved in the
ground.
Tree trunk has thin BARK fossils in outer layers. As during this time
Lycospores, SEED ferns and Gymnosperns were diversifying. May it be Tall giant
fern's tree foosils of that time? Mystery remains until new further study is
carried out and confirms with the research findings. May we find the Insects /
ancestor Termite fossils in side preserved in the wood fossil? That may give us
perfect clue of the timing of the fossil formation and also the timing give us
more clue of the tree trunk fossil tree. Whether, may it be giant fern’s trees
or some thing else
FROM YOURS Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/President:'Kutch
Science Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj -
Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.kutchscience@...,
kutchscience@...,http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/http://www.geocities.com/kutchsciencehttp://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000h\
ttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindiahttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/gro\
up/kutchsciencehttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchhhttp://in.groups.yahoo.co\
m/group/bhuj
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